xr ,09 Secretary Iowa Department of Agriculture December 12, 1901 to February 1, 1911 ELEVENTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture 1910 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL (iARDefl. DES MOINES EMORY H. ENGLISH, 8TATE PRINTER E. D. CHAS8ELL, STATE BINDER 1911 .09 Ityo LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Office of Iowa State Department of Agriculture, Dcs Moines, Iowa, June 15, 1911. To His Excellency, />. F. Carroll, Governor of Iowa: Sih : — 1 have the honor to transmit herewith the Eleventh Annual Iowa Year Hook of Agriculture, for the year 1910. ARTHUR R. COREY, Acting Secretary State Board of Agriculture. INTRODUCTORY The Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for the year 1910 contains fifteen distinct parts. Preceding part one we have reproduced the information and tables contained in the bulletin issued by the U. S. Bureau of the Census, giving advance information on Iowa farms and farm property, live stock, principal crops, and farm expense as it will appear in the thirteenth census of the United States. Part I is the final report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1910. It includes the monthly review of the climatology for the year; a monthly summary of weather and crop conditions; the dates of the last killing frosts in spring and the first in autumn ; final climate and crop review for the year; comparative data for the state on temperature and precipitation, and a tabulated crop sum- mary showing estimated production and valuation of Iowa's prin- cipal farm crops. Also a table showing the final estimate on acreage and production of the principal farm crops by counties for the state. Part II contains statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops for the years 1880, 1885 and 1890 and for the years 1896 to 1910 inclusive; acreage, production and value of the principal farm crops of the United States in 1910 and statistics of the principal crops of the world for the years 1905 to 1910, inclusive, by countries. Part III is a compilation of the crop and other farm statistics for the year 1910, gathered by the various township assessors and re- ported to this department by the county auditor of each county in the state. This data is contained in five tables as follows: Table No. 1. Total number, average size and total acreage of farms ; total acreage occupied by farm buildings, acreage in pasture, orchard, garden and crops not otherwise enumerated; number silos on farms and average monthly wage paid farm help during summer ^nind winter months, by counties, for the year 1910. Table No. 2. r --511-512-517 TABLE OF CONTENTS Frontispiece. Letter of Transmittal. Introductory. State Board of Agriculture. Standing Committees. Index to Illustrations. APPENDIX. Statistics on Iowa farms and farm property, live stock, principal crops, and farm expense as it will appear in the thirteenth census of the United States taken during the year 1910. Part I. Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1910 1- 50 Part II. Statistical tattles of Iowa's principal farm crops for past thirty years; farm crops of the United States for 1910, and farm crops of the world for the years 1906-10 inclusive 51- 76 Part III. Crop and other farm statistics for the year ending December 31, 1910. Gathered by township assessors and reported to this de- partment by county auditors, also crop maps showing distribu- tion, total and average yield of the principal crops for each county 77- 102 Part IV. Proceedings of the Joint Session of State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, December 1910 103- 188 Part V. Proceedings of the Annual Agricultural convention, December 1910 189- 284 Part VI. Summary of State Board and Committee Meetings for 1910 285- 340 Part VII. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Iowa Swine Breeders' Asso- ciation, June, 1910 341- 376- xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS Part VIII. Proceedings of the Iowa Dairy Association Meeting, 1910 377- 466 Part IX. Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report 1910 467- 486 Part X. Extracts from State Veterinary Surgeon's Report for 1910 487- 572 Part XI. Miscellaneous papers on live stock, agricultural and kindred topics from U. S. and Experiment Station bulletins, agricul- tural press and papers read before county farmer's institutes. 573- 766 Part XII. Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1910, press reports and official live stock awards 767- 927 Part XIII. Condensed reports of agricultural conditions by county and dis- trict agricultural societies in Iowa for 1910 929-1011 Part XIV. Report Division of Horse Breeding, List of state certificates and transfers issued from May 1, 1910, to May 1, 1911 1013-1048 Part XV. Directory of associations and organizations representing agri- cultural interests in Iowa 1049-1058 APPENDIX AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910 FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY, LIVE STOCK, PRIN- CIPAL CROPS AND FARM EXPENSES Prepared under the supervision of LeGrand Powers, Chief Statistican for Agriculture INTRODUCTION This bulletin presents the larger part of the statistics of agriculture for Iowa collected at the census of 1910, including all which have been compiled up to the date of issue. These data, together with additional information, will be later embodied in a compendium for the state and in the final reports of the Thirteenth Census. In addition to the informa- tion contained in this and other bulletins, the compendium and final reports will give for the state as a whole data, analysis, and comparisons with preceding censuses which it would not be feasible to give for the individual counties. The census statistics relating to farms and farm property are of the date April 15, 1910; those relating to farm operations are for the calendar year 1909. All these statistics have been collected and are being compiled in accordance with the provisions of section 8 of the act of July 2, 1909, as follows: The schedules relating to agriculture shall include name, color, and country of birth of occupant of each farm, tenure, acreage of farm, acreage of woodland and character of timber thereon, value of farm and improvements, value of farm implements, number and value of live stock on farms and ranges, number and value of domestic animals not on farms and ranges, and the acreage of crops planted and to be planted during the year of enumeration, and the acreage of crops and the quantity and value of crops and other farm products for the year ending December thirty-first next preceding the enumeration. To assist in securing comparability for its statistics of agriculture, the Bureau of the Census provided the enumerators with certain definitions 2 xviii AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN and with instructions concerning the more important terms contained in the foregoing provision of law, which were essentially as given below: Farm. — A "farm" for census purposes is all the land which is directly farmed by one person managing and conducting agricultural operations, either by his own labor alone or with the assistance of members of his household or hired employees. The term "agricultural operations" is used as a general term referring to the work of growing crops, producing other agricultural products, and raising animals, fowls, and bees. A "farm" as thus defined may consist of a single tract of land, or of a number of separate and distinct tracts, and these several tracts may be held under different tenures, as where one tract is owned by the farmer and another tract is hired by him. Further, when a landowner has one or more tenants, renters, croppers, or managers, the land operated by each is considered a "farm." In applying the foregoing definition of a "farm" for census purposes, enumerators were instructed to report as a "farm!' any tract of 3 or more acres used for agricultural purposes, no matter what the value of the products raised upon the land, or the amount of labor involved in operating the same in 1909. In addition, they were instructed to report in the same manner all tracts containing less than 3 acres which either produced at least $250 worth of farm products in the year 1909, or on which the continuous services of at least one person were expended. The enumerators were further instructed to return farm schedules for all institutions which conducted agricultural operations, but to report as the farms of such institutions only the lands which were actually used by them for agricultural operations. Farmer. — A "farmer" or a "farm operator," according to the census definition, is a person who directs the operation of a farm. Hence owners of farms who do not themselves direct the farm operations are not re- ported as "farmers." Farmers are divided by the Bureau of the Census into three general classes, according to the character of their tenure, namely, farm owners, farm tenants, and farm managers. Farm owners include (1) farmers operating their own land only, and (2) those operating both their own land and some land hired from others. Farm tenants are farmers who, as tenants, renters, or croppers, operate hired land only. They were reported in 1910 in three classes: (1) Share tenants — those who pay a certain share of the products, as one-half, one- third, or one-quarter; (2) share-cash tenants — those who pay a share of the products for part of the land rented by them and cash for part, as cash for pasture or garden and a share of all the crops grown on plowed land; and (3) cash tenants — those who pay a cash rental or a stated amount of labor or products, such as $7, 10 bushels of wheat, or 100 pounds of cotton per arce. All tenants who did not specify whether they rented for cash or for a share of the products, or both, are tabulated as having "tenure not specified.". Managers are farmers who are conducting farm operations for the owner for wages or a salary. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN xix Farm tend. — Farm land is divided into (1) improved land, (2) wood- land, and (3) all other unimproved land. The same classification was followed in 1880. At former censuses, except that of 1880, farm land was divided into improved land and unimproved land, woodland being included with unimproved land. Improved land includes all land regularly tilled or mowed, land pastured and cropped in rotation, land lying fallow, land in gardens, orchards, vineyards, and nurseries, and land occupied by farm buildings. Woodland includes all land covered with natural or planted forest trees, which produce, or later may produce, firewood or other forest products. All other unimproved land includes brush land, rough or stony land, swamp land, and any other land which is not im- proved or in forest. It should be noted however, in this connection that the census classification of farm land as "improved land," "woodland," and "other unimproved land" is one not always easy for the farmers or enumerators to make, owing to the fact that the farmers sometimes use these terms with different meanings from those assigned to them by the Bureau of the Census. Thus, some consider poor "woodland" as "other unimproved land," while others call brush land "woodland." As a result the census classification of farm land as "improved," etc., is not as accurate as its report of total farm acreage and value. The two maps reproduced herewith show, for the different counties, the proportion of the total land area which is in farms and the average value of farm land per acre. Of the total land area of the state over nineteen-twentieths is in farms, and as shown by the first map only two counties have less than nine-tenths of their land surface in farms, while in a majority of the counties the proportion is nineteen-twentieths or higher. The average value per acre of farm land for the whole state is $82.58. In twenty-two counties, comprising a group in the east central part of the state, a belt running north and south near the western border, and four counties in the southeastern part of the state, the value ranges between $100 and $125 per acre. The value is between $75 and $100 per acre in a majority of the remaining counties, including practically all of those in the central and western parts of the state with the exception of those just mentioned in which the value is between $100 and $125, and a num- ber of counties in the southeastern part of the state. In most of the counties in the two northern tiers, about half of the counties in the two southern tiers, and most of the counties in the northeastern corner of the state the value is between $50 and $75 per acre. In only three counties does the average value of farm land fall below $50 per acre. Progress during the decade 1900 to 1910. — Between 1900 and 1910 there was a decrease in population of 7,082, or 0.3 per cent, and a decrease in the number of farms of 11,578, or 5.1 per cent, together with a decrease of 643,649 acres, or 1.9 per cent, in farm land. As a result of the greater relative decrease in the number of farms than in the total acreage of farm land, the average size of the farms increased over 5 acres. Farm property, which includes land, buildings, implements and machin- ery, and live stock (domestic animals, poultry, and bees), has increased in value during the decade nearly $2,000,000,000, or more than 100 per AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN a z « IE O 00 O 4) « u u a 0. 3 > o $ n £ Oh a O 4) a « 0) ID O u <- a Ph D > o a> c * 1910 1900 — 1890 1880 1870* 1860 1850 _ $3,745,860,544 1,834,345,546 1,100,682,579 721,517,214 396,927,325 147,702,873 21,519,711 104.2 66.7 52.6 81.8 168.7 586.4 $3,257,379,400 1,497,554,790 857,581,022 567,430,227 314,129,953 119,899,547 16,657,567 117.5 74.6 51.1 80.6 162.0 619.8 $95,477,948 57,960,660 86,665,315 29,371,884 16,407,666 5,327,033 1,172,869 64.7 58.1 24.8 79.0 208.0 354.2 $393,003,196 278,830,096 206,436,242 124,715,103 63,389, 7C6 22,476,293 3,689,275 40.9 35.1 65.5 87.9 195.4 509.2 * Computed gold values, being 80 per cent of the currency values reported. Average acreage and values per farm, 1850 to 1910. — The changes which have taken place during the past 60 years in the average acreage of Iowa farms and in the average values of the various classes of farm property as well as in the average value per acre of land and buildings, are shown in the following table: Census Year £2 Average Value per Farm* a a a a> 1§ » 3 m c £ « Q c5 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870f 1860 1850 156.3 $17,259 151.2 8,023 151.0 5,452 133.5 3,893 133.6 3,413 164.6 2,415 184.J] 1,454 11 $15,O0S 6,550 4,247 3,061 2,701 1,960 1,125 $440 253 182 158 141 87 $1,811 1,220 1,022 673 571 367 249 $96.00 43.31 28.13 22.92 20.21 11.91 6.09 ♦Averages are based on "all farms" in state. t Computed gold values, being 80 per cent of the currency values reported. The average size of the Iowa farm decreased a little more than 2.5 acres per year from 1850 to 1870. During the decade from 1870 to 1880 it remained practically stationary and since 1880 it has increased about 23 acres, or over three-fourths of an acre per year. The average farm is now larger than at any census since 1860. The average value of an Iowa farm, including its equipment, has more than doubled during the last decade, increasing from $8,023 in 1900 to xxvi AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN $17,259 in 1910. Of the value in 1910, $15,008 represents land and build- ings, $1,811 live stock, and $440 implements and machinery. Farm values in Iowa have, in fact, increased steadily and rapidly since the first census of agriculture was taken in 1850. At that time the average value of the farm with equipment was only $1,454, or hardly one-twelfth ■of what it is to-day. In no other decade, however, has the increase been as great as it was between 1900 and 1910. The value per farm of farm ■equipment, which includes implements and machinery and live stock, is now nearly seven times as great as 60 years ago. Farm tenure: 1880 to 1910. — The following table shows the distribu- tion of the farms of the state according to character of tenure at each census since 1880: Number of all farm? Farms operated by owners and managers Farms consisting of owned land only Farms consisting of owned and hired land- Farms operated by managers Farms operated by tenants- Share tenants Share-cash tenantst fash tenants Tenure not specifledj ___ Per cent of farms operated by- Owners and managers Tenants Share and share-cash Cash and nonspecified 1880 217.044 I 228,622 201,903 I 185,351 134,929 148,886 145,183 106,464 118,317 * 26,539 28,988 * 1,926 1,581 * 141,177 82,115 20,935 14,129 43,394 3,657 62.2 37.8 16.2 21.7 79,736 35,234 44,502 65.1 34.9 15.4 19.5 56,720 31,780 24,940 71.9 28.1 15.7 12.4 44,174 35,753 76.2 23.8 19.3 4.5 *Xot reported separately. tshare-cash tenants were doubtless largely included with share tenants in 1900, 1890 and 1880. iPrior to 1910 nonspecified tenants were included with cash tenants. It is significant that while the total number of farms decreased 11,578 during the last decade, the number operated by owners and managers decreased 13,957, the number operated by tenants having increased 2,379. In 1880 approximately one farm out of every four was operated by a tenant, since which time the proportion has increased until it is now slightly more than three out of eight. The number of share (including share-cash) tenants is about the same as in 1880, although during the interval the number has fluctuated some- what and has decreased slightly since 1900. On the other hand, the number of cash (including nonspecified) tenants has increased rapidly and in 1900 and 1910 exceeded the number of share tenants. In 1880 share tenants were over four times as numerous as cash tenants, but in 1910 the latter (including those with unspecified tenure) were one and one-third times more numerous than the former. Farm mortgages: 1890 to 1910— The Eleventh Census (1890) was the first to collect data relating to mortgage debt on farms. The basis of the AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN* xxvli returns was the "farm home" occupied by its owner. The same class of information was secured by the population schedules of the Twelfth Census (1900). The agricultural schedules of the Thirteenth Census (1910) secured practically the same information, except that the basis was "owned farms" instead of "owned farm homes" — a difference in- volving, however, no appreciable incomparability. The next table relates to farms operated by persons owning all or part of the land, and shows for 1910 (1) the number of such farms re- ported as free from mortgage; (2) the number reported as mortgaged; and (3) the number for which no mortgage reports were secured. Com- parable items are included for 1900 and 1890. Owned Farms* Owned Farm Homes Class 1910 1900 Owned Farm Homest 1890 Total Free from mortgage -Mortgaged Unknown 133,003 146,754 , 144, t 63,234 68,045 1,724 48.2 51.8 67,616 76,389 2,749 47.0 53.0 67,587 77,111 46.7 53.3 "Includes all farms owned in whole or in part by the operator. "The 1.370 "owned farm homes" for which no reports were secured were distributed between "free from mortgage" and "mortgaged" in 1890. t Per cent of combined total of "free from mortgage" and "mortgaged." In 1910 the total number of farms owned in whole or in part by their operators was 133,003. Of this number, 63,234 were reported as free from mortgage; 68,045 were reported as mortgaged; and for 1,724 no report relative to mortgage indebtedness was obtained. The number of mort- gaged farms constituted 51.8 per cent of the total number of owned farms, exclusive of those for which no mortgage report was obtained. The per- centage is only slightly smaller than it was in 1900 and 1890. It may be noted that the percentages given for the three censuses are comparable, but that the number of mortgaged and unmortgaged farms reported in 1890 is not entirely comparable with the numbers reported at the latter censuses because at the census of 1890 the farms for which no reports were secured were distributed between the classes of mortgaged and un- mortgaged farms. It can be seen, however, that from 1890 to 1910' the number mortgaged decreased much more than the number free of mort- gage. The statement of mortgage debt and of the value of mortgaged farm property is restricted to the farms of those farmers who own all of the their land and report the amount as well as the fact of indebtedness. Of the 68,045 farms reported as mortgaged, 52,174 are wholly owned xxviii AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN by the farmers, and for 50,452 of these the amount of mortgage debt is reported. Only these last mentioned farms are included for 1910 in the next table, which presents data relating to mortgaged farms for 1910 and 1890. In this connection it should be noted that in 1890 the amount of mortgage debt of farms with incomplete reports was estimated according to the percentages and averages obtained from farms with full reports, but that no such estimate is here made for 1910. The table gives a comparative statement of the value of mortgaged farms owned entirely by their operators and the amount of indebtedness, together with the average value of such farms, the average debt per farm, and the average equity per farm for 1910 and 1890. Data regarding the amount of mort- gage debt were not obtained in 1900. The average debt of mortgaged farms increased in the 20 years from $1,319 to $4,048, or 207 per cent, while the average value of such farms rose from $3,964 to $14,574, or 267.7 per cent. Thus the owner's equity increased from $2,645 to $10,526, or 298 per cent. As a result of the greater increase in farm values than in farm debt, the mortgage indebtedness, which was 33.3 per cent of the value of the mortgaged farms in 1890, had decreased to 27.8 per cent of the value in 1910. Owned Farms or Farm Homes Mortgaged 1910* 1390t Increase Per cent Number Value— land and buildings. Amount of mortgage debt. Per cent of debt to value.. Average value per farm... Average debt per farm Average equity per farm.. 50,452 8735,265,320 8204,242,722 27.8 $14,574 $4,04S $10,526 77,111 $305,658,069 $101,745,924 33.3 $3,964 $1,319 $2,615 $10,610 82,729 $7,881 267.7 207.0 298.0 'Includes only farms consisting wholly of owned land and reporting value of farm and amount of debt. tlncludes all owned farm homes, estimates being made of value of farms and amount of debt for all defective reports. Farms by size groups, 1910 and 1900. — The following table shows the distribution of farms by size groups at the censuses of 1910 and 1900: Size Group Number of Farms 1910 1900 Increase* Num- ber Per cent Per Cent Distribution 1910 Total Under 3 acres 3 to 9 acres 10 to 19 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres.. 175 to 259 acres 260 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. 217,044 228,622 392 975 7,295 4,756 6,037 5,917 15,678 21,475 38,712 49,665 80,121 79,923 40,304 38,144 25,861 24,609 2,430 2,818 214 340 —11,578 —583 2,539 120 —5,797 —10,953 198 2,160 1,252 —388 —126 -5.1 100.0 59.8 0.2 53.4 3.4 2.0 2.8 -27.0 7.2 -22.1 17.8 0.2 36.9 5.7 18.6 5.1 11.9 -13.8 1.1 -37.1 0.1 100.0 0.4 2.1 2.6 9.4 21.7 35.0 16.7 10.8 1.2 0.1 *A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN xxix As shown by the above table, the largest of the groups of farms classi- fied by size is the "100 to 174 acres" group, the 80,121 farms in this group constituting 36.9 per cent, or more than one-third, of the 217,044 farms in the state. The common 160-acre farm falls in this group. The group which is next in numerical importance is the "175 to 259 acres" group, comprising 40,304 farms. Hardly less important is the "50 to 99 acres" group, which includes 38,712 farms. A study of the distribution of farms by size groups discloses the fact that the greatest actual and relative gain in number from 1900 to 1910 was made in the "3 to 9 acres" group. The number of places "under 3 acres" where some agriculture is carried on is reported as only about two-fifths as great as 10 years ago. This de- crease may be due to a different interpretation by the enumerators as to what to include as a small farm, or may represent an actual decrease in that type of farm. The farms which fall in the groups between 20 and 99 acres have decreased 16,750 in number, or 23.5 per cent; those between 175 and 499 acres have increased 3,412 in number, or 5.4 per cent; and those which exceed 500 acres in size, representing only 1.2 per cent of all farms, have decreased 514 in number. Color and nativity of farmers, 1910. — Prior to the present census no at- tempt was made to secure information on the farm schedules concerning the nativity of farmers. The table in the next column shows the color and nativity of farm operators by character of tenure for 1910. Over three-fourths of the Iowa farmers are native whites, and nearly one-fourth foreign-born whites. Only 201, or one-tenth of 1 per cent of all farmers, are negroes, no other nonwhites being reported. Of the na- tive white farmers, four out of ten are tenants and about six out of ten owners, while among both the negro and the foreign-born white farmers about three out of ten are tenants and seven out of ten owners. Farm Operai .ors Totai m J-c o a o C c s> H 71 U 60 a (S S Per Cent of Total Color and Nativity u V a 3 z on 0) 3 X ■ u a o 00 a as a 09 u ,400 41.0 61.8 66.5 49.7 34.5 Horses and colts 209,812 Mares, stallions and geldings born before Jan. 1, 1909 ; 205,916 94.9 Colts born in 1909 ! 92,396 : 42.6 Colts born after Jan. 1, 1910 j 32,665 , 15.1 10.1 8.5 2.2 0.6 83.8 49.2 10.0 9.6 5.1 7.8 $380,201,586 4,448,006 1,406,792 614,930 564,219 569,003 557,164 735,898 1,492,226 1,289,973 159,679 42,574 55,524 46,485 7,557 1,482 7,545,853 4,299,499 3,246,354 1,145,549 676,687 93,230 375,632 CO, 664 118,864,139 48,651,418 17,715,974 8,714,358 3,836,951 10,781,320 29,164,118 177,999,124 165,638,084 10,873,651 1,487,389 7,551,818 6,877,871 612,601 61,346 280,212 69,693,218 63,976,554 5,716,664 5,748,836 4,381,545 587,375 779,916 64,239 $34.58 28.81 15.44 6.74 19.35 39.63 128.40 68.10 34.94 147.96 81.06 41.39 14.88 1.76 6.30 2.08 AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN xxxiii Poultry, 1910 and 1900.— The following table gives the numbers of the various kinds of poultry reported in 1910 1 and 1900, together with their value, and the number of farms reporting each kind in 1910: Kind 1910 (April 1C) Farms Reporting o m . «a a u a > 9 U ej M - & o eb* o a. 190v 9,229,378 9,804,076 7,585,522 6,616,144 4,655,154 4,695,391 3,752,141 1,507,577 526,777 571,224 1,689,705 627,851 585,548 518,729 3,049,288 198,861 5,046,185 4,649,378 5,238,918 2,490,027 169,567 175,888 169,870 189S . 188.7 1879 *Not reported. The acreage in corn increased from approximately six and two-thirds millions in 1879 to a little more than nine and three-quarters millions in 1899, subsequently decreasing to somewhat less than nine and a quarter millions in 1909. The acreage in oats and also that in barley more than trebled between 1879 and 1899, but decreased slightly during the past de- cade. The acreage of wheat has varied widely at different periods. At the present census it is less than one-third as large as it was in 1899, and slightly less than it was in 1889. In 1879, however, the acreage of wheat was almost six times that reported in 1909. For all cereals combined there was a falling off in acreage, during the last decade, of 1,879,056, or 11.1 per cent, all of the important cereal crops sharing in the decrease. By far the greatest of the decreases is that shown for wheat, the acreage of which decreased over two-thirds during the decade. For the other cereal crops, with the exception of rye, the decrease in acreage was relatively small, being in the case of barley 9 per cent, with corn and oats following in order. The only crop here enumerated for which a gain in acreage is xxxvi AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN reported for the last decade is hay and forage, the gain amounting to 396,- 807 acres. The next table shows for 1909 and 1899 the percentage which the farms reporting specified crops represented of all farms, the percentage of im- proved land devoted to these crops, and the percentage of increase or de- crease in the acreage of each crop during the decade, together with the av- erage yields and average values per acre for 1909: Crop Per Cent of Farms Reporting 1909 Per Cent of Improved Land 1909 1899 -.5 moo O O '- — O u> 3 - 3 s a 1) Z eu < < < cu 108,890 50.2 $24,781,592 $16,375,670 $ 8,405,922 51.3 81,302 37.5 18,582,251 t 1,776 0.8 109,570 337,190 —227,620 —67.5 *A minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease. tNot reported at the census of 1900. During the decade the total expenditure for labor, one-fourth of which was in 1909 in the form of rent and board furnished, increased 51.3 per cent. Half of the farmers of Iowa hire labor, the average amount ex- pended by those hiring in 1909 being $228. At prior censuses no tabula- tion was made of the number of farmers reporting expenditures for labor. Three farmers out of every eight report some expenditure for feed, while less than one out of every hundred reports the purchase of fertilizer. Less than one-third as much was spent for fertilizer in 1909 as in 1899, the average expenditure per farm for those reporting in 1909 being $61.69. TABLE NO. 1— FARMS AND FAEM PROPERTY FOR THE STATE. Population Population in 1900 Number ol all farms Number of all farms in 1900 Color and nativity of farmers: Native white Foreign-born white Negro and other nonwhite Number of farms, classified by size Under 3 acres 3 to 9 acres 10 to 19 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 209 acres 260 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over ,224,771 ,231,853 217,044 228,622 167,856 48,987 201 392 7,295 6,037 15,678 38,712 80,121 40,304 25,861 2,430 214 AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN TABLE No. 1— Continued LAND AND FARM AREA Approximate land area Land in farms Land in farms in 1900.. — Improved land in farms Improved land in farms in 190< Woodland in farms Other unimproved land in farms... Per cent of land area in farms Per cent of farm land improved Average acres per farm Average improved acres per farni. .acrcs. _acres. .acres. -acres. .acres. .acres. .acres. VALUE OF FARM PROPERTY All farm property All farm property in 1900 Per cent increase, 1900-1910 Land Land in 1900 Buildings Buildings in 1900 Implements and machinery Implements, etc., in 1900 Domestic animals, poultry, and bees. Domestic animals, etc., in 1900 Per cent of value of all property in — Land Buildings Implements and machinery Domestic animals, poultry, and bees.. Average values: All property per farm Land and buildings per farm Land per acre Land per acre in 1900 .dollars, -dollars. -dollars. -dollars. .dollars. -dollars. -dollars. -dollars. .dollars. .dollars. -dollars. -dollars- .dollars. .dollars. DOMESTIC ANIMALS (Farms and Ranges) Farms reporting domestic animals. Value of domestic animals Cattle: Total number Dairy cows Other cows Yearling heifers Calves Yearling steers and bulls. . Other steers and bulls Value Horses: Total number Mature horses Yearling colts Spring colts Value Mules: Total number Mature mules Yearling colts Spring colts Value Asses and burros: Number Value Swine: Total number Mature hogs Spring pigs Value Sheep: Total number Rams, ewes, and wethers.. Spring lambs Value .dollars.- -dollars.. .dollars— -dollars.. .dollars.. 35,575,040 33,930,688 34,574,337 29,491,199 29,897,552 2,314,115 2,125,374 95.4 86.9 156.3 135.9 3,745, 1,834 ; 2,801. 1,256, 455 240. 95. 57. 393, 278, 860,544 345,546 104.2 973,729 751,980 405,671 802,810 477,948 960,660 003,196 830,096 74.8 12.2 2.5 10.5 17,259 15,008» 82.58 36.35 213,131 380,201,586 4,448,006 1,406,79:: 614,930 564,219 569,003 557,164 735,898 118,864,139 1,492,226 1,289,973 159,679 42,574 177,999,124 55,524 46,485 7,557 1,482 7,551,818 1,614 280,212 7,545,853 4,299,499 3,246,354 69,693,218 1,145,549 769,917 375,632 5,748,830 AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN TABLE NO. 1-C'ONTINUED xxxix Goats: Number Value ..dollars POULTRY AND BEES Number of poultry of all kinds Value dollars Number of colonies of bees Value dollars 20,664 64,239 23,482,880 12,269,881 160,025 517,329 TABLE NO. 2— NUMBER, ACREAGE AND VALUE OF FARMS, AND COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS CLASSIFIED BY TENURE APRIL 15, 1910. FARMS OPERATED BY OWNERS Number of farms Number of farms in 1900 Per cent of all farms Per cent of all farms in 1900 Land in farms acres... Improved land in farms acres... Value of land and buildings dollars. Degree of ownership: Farms consisting of owned land only Farms consisting of owned and hired land Color and nativity of owners: Native white Foreign-born white Negro and other nonwhite.. FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS. Number of farms Number of farms in 1900 Per cent of all farms Per cent of all farms in 1900 -. Land in farms acres.. Improved land in farms acres.. Value of land and buildings dollars Form of tenantry: Share tenants Share-cash tenants Cash tenants Tenure not specified Color and nativity of tenants: Native white Foreign-born white Negro and other nonwhite FARMS OPERATED BY MANAGERS Number of farms Number of farms in 1900 Land in farms acres Improved land in farms acres... Value of land and buildings ...dollars. MORTGAGE DEBT REPORTS* For all farms operated by owners: Number free from mortgage debt Number with mortgage debt Number with no mortgage report 133,003 147,305 61.3 64.4 20,214,337 17,432,235 1,942,594,349 106,464 26,539 98,615 34,252 136 82,119 79,736 37.8 34.9 13,225,546 11,674,987 1,269,791,126 20,935 14,129 43,394 3,657 67,547 14,505 63 1,926 1,581 490,805 383,977 44,993,925 63,234 68,045 1,724 xl AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN TABLE No. 2— Continued For farms consisting of owned land only: Number reporting debt and amount Value of their land and buildings dollars. Amount of mortgage debt dollars. Per cent of value of land and buildings 50,452 735,265,320 204,242,722 27.8 •No mortgage reports were secured for farms operated by tenants and managers. TABLE No. 3— FARM EXPENSE, 1909 Labor: Farms reporting Cash expended dollars- Rent and board furnished dollars- Feed: Farms reporting Amount expended dollars.. Fertilizer: Farms reporting Amount expended dollars.. 108,890 18,586,300 6,195,292 81,302 18,582,251 1,776 109,570 PART I. Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1910. George M. Chappel, Director. This report is a compilation of climatic data and statistics of soil products, for the year 1910, in convenient form for reference and comparison. Meteorological reports were received regularly each month of the year from 120 co-operative and 7 regular stations of the U. S. "Weather Bureau, and weekty weather and crop reports were re- ceived during the six crop months from 175 correspondents. During the year this office distributed 42,000 copies of the weekly bulletin (issued during the six crop months) ; also 27,000 copies of the Monthly Review of the Weather and Crop Service, and 5,000 pamphlets giving the precipitation data for the several drainage basins of the State, which were printed by the Chief U. S. Weather Bureau. The distribution of the daily weather forecasts was continued during the year as follows : by telephone, 171,389 ; rural mail serv- ices, 4,189; ordinary mail, 1,993; by telegraph at expense of U. S. Weather Bureau, 142, making a total of 177,711 forecasts distrib- uted daily. Special warnings of the approach of cold waves and heavy snows were also distributed whenever issued. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR, 1910. The year, 1910, was in some respects extremely abnormal. It was ihe driest year on record since observations began in 1S90, and the early spring and fall months were warm and pleasant; the average temperature for the latter half of March being higher than the mean for the latter half of April. The precipitation was below the normal every month of the year except January and September, and the excess in these months was small. There were not as many severe wind storms as usual and the average amount of snowfall was less than 50 per cent, of the amount for 1909. Baeometeb, (Reduced to sea level.) — The mean pressure of the atmos- phere for the year 1910, was 30.04 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.83 inches, at Keokuk. Lee County on December 13th. The lowest 2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE pressure observed was 29.14 inches, at Charles City, Floyd county on Jan- uary 26th. The range for the state was 1.69 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state was 48.7°, which is 1.2° above the normal for the state. The highest annual mean was 52.9° at Keokuk, Lee County; and at Ottumwa, Wapello County. The lowest annual mean was 44.5° at Sibley, Osceola County. The highest tempera- ture reported was 108° at Ridgeway, Winneshiek County, on July 16th. The lowest temperature reported was — 35° at Elkader, Clayton County, on January 7th. The range for the state was 143°. Precipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the year as shown by the complete records of 111 stations was 20.03 inches, which is 12.62 inches below the normal, and 19.98 inches below the average amount in 1909. The greatest amount recorded at any station during the year was 27.99 inches at Burlington, Des Moines county. The least amount recorded was 12.11 inches, at Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo county. The greatest monthly rainfall was 11.22 inches at Atlantic, Cass County, in August. The least monthly precipitation was 0.00 at Audu- bon, Audubon County, Little Sioux, Harrison County, Odebolt, Sac County, •Rock Rapids, Lyon County, and at Zearing, Story County, in March. The greatest amount in any twenty-four consecutive hours was 7.98 inches, at Pacific Junction, Mills County, on the 28th and 29th of August. The average amount of snowfall was 22.8 inches. The greatest amount of snowfall, unmelted, at any station during the year was 52.5 inches at Elkader, Clayton County. The least amount was 4.4 inches at Keokuk, Lee County. The greatest monthly snowfall was 26.5 inches at Elkader, Clayton County and at Humboldt, Humboldt County, in January; and the greatest twenty-four hour snowfall was 14.7 inches, at Humboldt. Humboldt, County on January 20th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 67 days. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was at Sioux City, Woodbury County, 65 miles an hour from the north, on April 23rd, and on August 2d. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 188 ; partly cloudy, 92; and, cloudy, 85; as against 152 clear days; 92 partly cloudy; and 121 cloudy days in 1909. The duration of sunshine was as a whole, slightly above tbe normal. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I MONTHLY SUMMARIES JANUARY. The first ten days of January were unseasonably cold, but the remain- der of the month, with the exception of two or three days, was mild, so that the average temperature for the month was only slightly below the normal. The 6th and 7th were the coldest days, the lowest tempera- ture occurring generally on the 6th, when the minimum ranged from — 8° to — 33°, over the southern counties, and, from — 18° to — 35°, over the northern counties. The lowest temperatures were recorded in the western portion of the southern, and in the eastern portion, of the northern districts. There have been six colder Januarys during the past 21 years, but the minimum for the state, for the past month, was lower than in any January since 1S'92. The 19th and 25th were generally the warmest days, but there were only two or three days in the month on which the minimum temperature was above the freezing point, even in the extreme southern portions of the state. The precipitation was above the normal, except in the southeast, and west central districts where there was a slight deficiency. Most of it fell in the form of snow during two storms; the first of which occurred on the 4th-5th, and the second on the 12th-13th. The fall of snow during these two storms was unusually heavy, and caused much delay in railroad traffic, which, together with the severe cold weather, during the early part of the month, came very near causing a fuel famine in this state. Only the energetic efforts of the railroad companies in clearing the snow from the tracks, and abandoning all freight trains, excepting those carry- ing coal, in order that fuel could be distributed as rapidly, and in as large quantities as possible, prevented serious suffering of the people in many lo- calities. As it was, all coal had been exhausted in many towns, several days before a supply could be delivered to them. The accumulation of snow also did considerable damage to buildings, especially in the northern part of the state. The roofs of numerous structures collapsed as a result of the weight of the snow, causing damage estimated at about $10,000, in the City of Dubuque. Snow flurries occurred at frequent intervals during the latter half of the month, but the amounts of snow were small, and only tended to prolong the good sleighing, which began on December 5th or 6th. The ground was thoroughly covered with snow during the entire month, in the northern, and most of the month, in the southern districts and as a result, fall grains suffered no injury from the effects of the cold weather. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 18.1°, which is 1.2° below the normal i IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 14.5°, which is 1.7° below the normal; Central section, 18.1° which is 1.1° below the normal: Southern section, 21.6°, which is 0.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 27.0°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 11.8°, at Charles City, Floyd county. The highest temperature reported was 56°, at Perry, Dallas county, on the 10th; and at Stuart, Guthrie county, on the 26th; the lowest tempera- ture reported was — 35°, at Elkader, Clayton county, on the 7th. The average monthly maximum was 43°, and the average monthly minimum was — 22°. The greatest daily range was 56°, at Iowa Falls, Hardin county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 37°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 1.57 inches, which is 0.52 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.48 inches, which is 0.66 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.60 inches, which is 0.50 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.64 inches, which is 0.40 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.15 inches, occurred at Sheldon, O'Brien County, and the least, 0.55 inch, at Washta, Cherokee county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.52 inches, occurred at Lacona, Warren county, on the 11th and 12th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of sis days. The average snowfall, unmelted, was 12.6 inches. By sections the average was as follows: Northern section, 16.3 inches; Central section, 13.0 inches; Southern section, 12.6 inches. The greatest monthly snowfall, 26.5 inches, occurred at Elkader, Clayton county, and at Humboldt, Hum- boldt county; and the greatest amount in 24 hours, 14.7 inches, occurred at Humboldt. Humboldt county, on the 20th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 13; partly cloudy. 7; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 45 at Charles City; 44 at Davenport: 51 at Des Moines; 42 at Keokuk, and 43 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 55 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the 20th. FEBRUARY. The weather during February was exceptionally pleasant, notwith- standing the fact that the average temperature was below the normal. The month opened with moderate temperature which continued until the 5th, and was then followed by alternating periods of cold and warm weather, with the coldest spell between the 22nd and 24th. The warmest day was generally on the 1st in the northern district, and on the 14th in the central and southern districts. There have been eight colder Februarys during the past twenty years. In 1905, the average tempera- ture was 5° lower than the average for the past month. The coldest February during the past 20 years was in 1899 when the average tem- perature was 12.2°. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PART I There was a marked deficiency of precipitation; the average for the state being only 0.46 inch, which is 0.60 below the normal. At several stations it was the driest February in over 30 years. There were no severe storms and the 20th and 22d were the only days on which the precipitation was general. The ground was practically bare of snow over the southern counties, except from the 20th to 24th; but over the northern counties there was snow on the ground during the whole month. The rivers remained closed with ice averaging from 10 to 22 inches at the close of the month. Some progress was made in gathering last year's corn, but there is over 15 per cent of the crop yet in the fields. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 116 stations, was 17.8°, which is 1.4° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: North- ern section, 13.2°, which is 3.0° below the normal; Central section, 18.0° which is 1.6° below the normal; Southern section, 22.1°, which is 0.3° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 26.1° at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 10.0°. at Sibley, Osceola County. The highest temperature reported was 58°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on the 15th; the lowest temperature reported was — 21°, at Inwood, Lyon county, on th 17th. The average monthly maximum was 46°, and the average monthly minimum was —12°. The greatest daily range was 48°, at Clarinda. Page County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 35°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 127 stat ; ons, was 0.46 inch, which is 0.60 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section. 0.35 inch, which is 0.59 inch below the normal; Central section, 0.44. which is 0.64 inch below the normal; Southern section, 0.59 inch, which is 0.56 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 2.09 inches, occurred at Burlington, Des Moines county, and the least, a trace, at Sibley Os- ceola county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 0.80 inch, oc- curred at Audubon, Audubon county, on the 22nd. and at Fort Madison. Lee county, on the 26th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 3 days. The average snowfall, unmelted, was 4.0 inches. By sections the aver- ages were as follows: Northern section, 3.6 inches; Central section, 4.0 inches; Southern section, 4.4 inches. Th greatest monthly snowfall. 11.3 inches, occurred at Fayette, Fayette county; and the greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 8.0 inches, occurred at Audubon, Audubon county, on the 22d. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 8: cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was slightly above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 66 at Charles City; 62 at Davenport; 47 at Des Moines: 61 at Dubuque; 53 at Keokuk, and 59 at Sioux City. 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 60 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 15th. THE WINTER OF 1909-1910. The mean temperature for the three winter months was 17.0°, which is 4.5° below the normal for the state. The highest temperature reported was 60° at Keosauqua, Van Buren county, on December 1st. The lowest temperature was 35° below zero at Elkader, Clayton county, on January 7th. The average monthly precipitation for the state was 1.40 inches and the average total precipitation was 4.21 inches, or .88 inches above the winter normal. The average total snowfall, unmelted, was 30. 3 inches, or 11.0 inches more than for the winter of 1908-1909. The average num- ber of days on which .01 inch or more of precipitation was reported was 20 or 6 more than the average for the winter of 1908-1909. The average number of clear days was 37; partly cloudy, 20; cloudy, 33; as compared with 35 clear, 20 partly cloudy and 35 cloudy during the winter of 1908-1909. AVERAGE WINTER TEMPERATURE FOR IOWA. In Degrees Fahrenheit. Decem- ber January Febru- ary Winter Min. 1890-1 1891-B 1892-3 1893-4 1894-5 1895-6 1896-7 1897-8 1898-9 1899-0 1900-1 1901-B lflO>-3 1903-4 1901-5 1905-6 1906-7 1907-8 1909-0 Means. 24.1 26.0 15.3 9.3 19.3 13.6 23.4 17.2 23.4 19.8 25.6 23.7 22.4 23.0 14.0 11.2 24.6 18.8 24.9 21.2 18.1 19.7 19.4 28.1 16.4 19.7 16.4 27.4 24.7 24.2 12.2 14.8 17.5 17.6 19.8 14.8 12.8 23.6 25.0 24.3 26.2 17.8 20.1 24.8 25.2 14 .9 20.3 20.0 25.4 24.2 21.9 16.? 21.0 22.7 20.2 21. • ia.i 15.8 25.1 23.2 26.1 24.9 17.0 21.8 MARCH. March, 1910, will be long remembered as having furnished more pleas- ant weather than any other March in the history of the state. It was the warmest and driest March on record. It gave the largest amount of sunshine; the least number of cloudy days; the least number of days with appreciable precipitation; the least number of days with freezing tem- perature; and less snowfall than any other March since State-wide oh- ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PART 1 7 servations began. The temperature was uniformly high, and above the normal every day of the month, with the warmest period between ttu< 22d and 29th. The maximum occurred generally on the 23d and ranged from 81° to 87° over the Northern, 81° to 90° over the Central, and from 82° to 92° over the Southern districts. The monthly minimum tempera- tures occurred on various dates between the 1st and 15th. There was no snowfall in excess of a trace at any station and the rainfall was abnormally light in all sections of the state. There were S' stations that had no precipitation, and 34 that had only a trace. Rainfall was practically nil until the 26th, and the only days on which showers were at all general were the 26th and 29th. On the 1st of March there was from 6 to 8 inches of snow on the ground in the northern part of the State, but it had all melted by the 9th, and as there was practically no frost in the ground, the soil dried rapidly, and farmers were in the field early in the month gathering the remainder of last year's corn crop, plowing and seeding small grain. The larger part of the corn had been gathered by the 15th, and by the end of the month nearly all of the wheat and about 50 per cent of the oats had been seeded, and considerable ground had been prepared for corn. The season at the close of the month was nearly a month in advance of the normal and from five to six weeks ahead of last year. Spring flowers were in bloom: elms, soft maples, and box elders were green or becom- ing so, even in the extreme northern part of the State. Plum, cherry and apple trees were in bloom in the southern, and plums in the central districts. Pastures and meadows were green, and some of the early sown grain was up before the end of the month. Fall grain, clover and alfalfa were generally in good condition, but reports indicate much damage by winter killing in the western and southern counties. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 118 stations, was 48.9°, which is 14.9° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as^ follows: Northern section 46.3°, which is 15.1° above the normal; Central section 49.2°, which is 13.1° above the normal; Southern section 51.2°, which is 14.5° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 53.8°, at Ottumwa, Wapello County, and the lowest monthly mean 43.7°, at Elma, Howard County. The highest temperature reported was 92 u at Clarinda, Page County, on the 22d; the lowest temperature reported was 10°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon County, on the 1st. The average monthly maximum was 85°, and the average monthly minimum was 20°. The greatest daily range was 61°, at Elkader, Clayton County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 44°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 126 stations, was 0.17 inch, which is 1. 75 inches be- low the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 009 inch, which is 1.64 inches below the normal; Central sec- tion, 0.17 inch, which is 1.81 inches below the normal; Southern section, 0.26 inch, which is 1.79 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 1.32 inches, occurred at Ames, Story County, and the least, 0.01 at eight 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE stations, principally in the western part of the State. The greatest amount in any twenty-four hours, 1.32 inches, occurred at Ames, Story County, on the 26th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of one day. Snow fell at eight scattered stations during the month but at no sta- tion was there an appreciable amount. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 23; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 2. The duration of sunshine was much above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 86 at Charles City; 82 at Davenport; 78 at Des Moines; 84 at Dubuque; 78 at Keokuk, and 65 at Sioux City. Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles per hour from the Northwest at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the 6th. Thunderstorms. — Twenty-five co-operative stations reported thunder- storms on the 26th; ten on the 18th; nine on the 25th; five on the 19th: two on the 29th; and one on the 4th, 20th, 23d and 28th. Thunderstorms were quite general on the 18th and on the night of the 25th and 26th. Thunder was also heard at scattered stations on the 4th, 20th, 23d, 28th and 29th. An aurora of unusual brilliancy was observed over the northern counties on the 27th. APRIL. The first half of the month, like the whole of March, was dry and gen- erally warm, but the latter half was very changeable and erratic; the tem- perature fluctuating from one extreme to another and the precipitation from rain to snow. The average mean temperature was 4.0° above the normal for April; the excess occuring the first fifteen and the last three days. A cold spell set in on the evening of the 14th, attended by moderate showers which changed to snow on the 15th and continued over the larger part of the State until the ISth; the minimum temperatures on the 16th, 17th, and 18th being from 3° to 12° below the freezing point in all districts and the amounts of snowfall ranged from a trace in the southern to over five inches at some of the stations in the northeastern counties. The freezing temperatures seriously damaged the prospects of a fruit crop as apple, cherry and other fruit trees were in full bloom in the northern part of the State by the 10th of the month. The damage done, however, was small as compared with the damage resulting from the freeze of the 23d and 24th, when the minimum temperatures were 10° to 12° below the freezing point in the southern counties, fhe maximum temperature on the 23d was below the freezing point in the northeastern counties and the minimum on that date at many stations was lower than ever before recorded during the last decade of April. Great damage resulted to such fruit, garden truck, etc., as was not killed during the previous week. The ground froze hard ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART I 9 on the morning of the 23d and the 24th and ice formed from one-half to one inch thick in tubs of standing water. Few trees or shrubs escaped injury and the foliage and new growth on some varieties, such as soft maples, box elders, wistaria, Virginia creeper, etc., were frozen and at the close of the month the dead leaves were falling off. Following this last cold period the temperature rose rapidly and the 28th and 29th were ex- cessively warm; the maximum temperatures on those dates being 90° or higher over the western and central districts, the highest being 99° on the 2Sth in the extreme northwestern county. The maximum temperature on the 2Sth was higher than ever before recorded during April, over the west- ern half of the State. The average precipitation was 1.35 inches below the normal and was unevenly distributed; the eastern third of the State and the south central counties receiving the largest amounts while the extreme southwestern and a few localities in the north central counties received less than one- fourth of an inch. Much of the precipitation was in the form of snow or snow mixed with rain during the storms on the 15-18 and 22-24. Owing to the warm, dry and pleasant weather during March, farming operations were further advanced than usual on April 1st. Practically all small grain was seeded before the middle of the month and nearly all of the corn ground was ready for the planter by the close of the month. Considerable corn was planted during the second week but that work was suspended generally after the 15th on account of cold weather. The growth of grass and small grain was checked by the freezing tem- perature and in the western part of the State small grain, especially oats, was damaged by dry weather and high winds, but for the State at large small grain is reported to be in fairly good condition. All rivers and creeks are below the normal stage for the season of the year. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 119 stations, was 52.5°, which is 4.0° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 51.7°, which is 4.9° above the normal; Central section, 52.7°, which is 4.2° above the normal; Southern section, 53.2°, which is 2.9° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 56.0°, at Grinnell, Poweshiek county, and the lowest monthly mean 49.0°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 99°, at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 2Sth; the lowest temperature reported was 15°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon county, on the 5th. The average monthly maximum was 92°, and the aver- age monthly minimum was 22° The greatest daily range was 57°, at Pa- cific Junction, Mills county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 44°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 125 stations, was 1.48 inches, which is 1.35 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.18 inches, which is 1.29 inches below the normal; Central section, 1.48 inches, which is 1.39 inches below the normal: Southern section, 1.78 inches, which 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE is 1.36 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 4.86 inches, oc- curred at Burlington, Des Moines county, and the least, 0.10 inch, at Web- ster City, Hamilton county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.83 inches, occurred at Keosauqua, Van Buren county, on the 6th. The average amount of unmelted snowfall was 3.0 inches, averaging as fol- lows: Northern section, 4.3 inches; Central section, 2.3 inches; Southern section, 2.3 inches; the greatest amount was 11.3 inches at Ridgeway, Win- neshiek county, while at eight stations only a trace occurred. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of seven days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was slightly below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 71 at Charles City; 61 at Davenport; 50 at Des Moines; 46 at Keokuk, and 61 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 65 miles per hour from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 23d. CONDITION OF FRUIT TREES. The following report issued by the Secretary Iowa State Horticultural Society, shows the average condition of fruit trees and plants on April 1, 1910: "Apples, 85 per cent; pears, 80 per cent; American plums, 89 per cent; domest'ca plums, 70 per cent; Japanese plums, 69 per cent; cherries, 83 per cent; peaches, 3 per cent; grapes, 80 per cent; red raspberries, 52 per cent; black raspberries, 53 per cent; blackberries, 65 per cent; strawber- ries, 86 per cent. "Peach trees are badly injured in many places; raspberry canes are killed to the ground in some localities; climbing roses are also damaged. The injury to trees and plants is attributed to the freeze in October which caused the leaves to fall before the wood was mature; followed by warm, wet weather which pushed bud development on the defoliated plants too far in the fall to withstand the winter. "Bloom on plum and cherry trees is two weeks in advance of 1871, the earliest record we have since the Society was organized." WIND STORMS IN DES MOINES. A small tornado passed over the northwestern part of the city of Des Moines shartly after 11 o'clock on the night of the 3d, which did consider- able damage to several dwellings and small outbuildings. The storm struck and unroofed the residence of E. A. Paul, No. 4106 Kingman avenue, then passed diagonally across the street north of east, striking and blowing the roof off the residence of Charles Barchaus, No. 4003 Kingman avenue. The storm track was very narrow as buildings on the adjacent lots of either side of Mr. Paul's house were not injured, and the path of destructive vio- lence was only about 400 feet long. There was, however, some slight damage done to trees and small outbuildings on the north side of the ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART I 11 main track of the storm. Some thunder and lightning accompanied the storm and it was preceded by the typical roar of a tornado. No one was Injured and the damage done was estimated to be less than $5,000.00. MAY. The weather was abnormally cold, and except over the extreme south- ern counties was unusually dry. The temperature was uniformally low, there being only four or five days during the month when the daily mean was above the normal and on those days the excess was very slight. There are very few, if any cases on record in the State where the monthly maxi- mum temperatures for May were as low as during the past month. Freez- ing temperature occurred on one or more days in nearly all parts of the State but as practically all the fruit was killed during the April freeze, there was little damage done. The rainfall was well distributed throughout the month but the monthly, weekly and daily amounts were small and below the normal for May ex- cept in the southern counties where there was an excess during the week from the 15th to the 21st inclusive, which brought the monthly amounts for that district, slightly above the normal. There were less than the usual number of thunderstorms and wind-squalls. Owing to poor seed and continuous cold weather much of the corn failed to germinate and over 50 per cent of the corn acreage was planted the second and in many fields the third time, but with all the extra work there will not be over 65 to 75 per cent of an average stand; cut and wire worms were very active, especially on sod ground and the damage wrought by these insects has aided in cutting down the stand. The cold weather also prevented the normal growth of all vegetation and the drouthy condi- tions over the larger part of the State has seriously reduced the prospects of an average hay crop. Pasturage is short but the grass is of better qual- ity than usual at the end of May. Small grains have made steady but slow improvement and are generally in good condition. The shade and fruit trees that lost their foliage by the severe freeze in April have put forth new leaves and at the end of the month are about as far advanced as they were on April 15th. The near approach of Halley's Comet to the earth on the 18th caused no unusual meteorological phenomena. Temperatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by records of 115 stations, was 55.4°, which is 4.7° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern sec- tion, 54.1°, which is 4.4° below the normal; Central section 55.8°, which is 4.4° below the normal; Southern section 56.4°, which is 5.2° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 59.0°, at Keokuk, Lee county, Ottumwa, Wapello county, and Grinnell, Poweshiek county, and the low- est monthly mean 52. 0°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest tempera- ture reported was 89°, at Mt. Pleasant, Henry county, on the 21st; the lowest temperature reported was 18°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 3d. The average monthly maximum was 81°, and the average monthly 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE minimum was 30°. The greatest daily range was 50°, at Sheldon, O'Brien county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 39°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 3.41 inches, which is 1.09 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 2.59 inches, which is 1.96 inches below the normal; Central section, 3.05 inches, which is 1.42 inches below the normal; Southern section, 4.58 inches, which is 0.11 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 6.91 inches occurred at Lamoni, Decatur county, and the least, 1.29 inches, at Plover, Poca- hontas county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.99 inches, oc- curred at Keokuk, Lee county, on the 1st and 2d. Measurable precipita- tion occurred on an average of 10 days. Traces of snowfall occurred at four widely scattered stations. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was about the nor- mal, the percentage of the possible amount being 77 at Charles City, 68 at Davenport; 55 at Des Moines; 64 at Dubuque; 60 at Keokuk, and 51 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 38 miles per hour from the east, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 1st. CONDITION OF FRUIT TREES. The secretary of the State Horticultural Society reports the condition of fruit, on May 1st, as follows: "Apples, 8 per cent; pears, less than 1 per cent; American plums, 1 per cent; domestica plums, Japanese plums, and peaches, less than 1 per cent; cherries, 6 per cent; grapes, 20 per cent; red raspberries, 10 per cent; black raspberries, 12 per cent; black- berries, 21 per cent; currants, 5 per cent; gooseberries, 4 per cent; straw- berries, 38 per cent of a full crop. "The average for May is only 9 per cent of a full crop. This is the lowest percentage ever estimated for May on the condition of the crop in this State. The bloom on tree fruits was three weeks in advance of nor- mal; two weeks earlier than any record we have since the society was organized. "When new growth starts we believe conditions will improve, and as the season advances we may be able to harvest at least a third to a half crop, especially of small fruits." JUNE. The most notable climatic features of June were the unusually cool weather during the first half of the month, and the continuously high temperatures during the latter half; the excessive amount of sunshine; the low percentage of humidity: the great deficiency of rainfall, the light wind velocities, and the small number of thunderstorms. The temperature was abnormally low during the first 14 days, and then ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PART I 18 changed within three days to excessively warm and continued so during the remainder of the month. The deficiency of temperature during the first half of the month, however, nearly equalled the excess during the latter half as the monthly mean was only 0.7° above the normal. At many stations the record for the number of days with a maximum tem- perature of 90°. or higher, was broken: there being from 9 to 11 days with temperature up to or above 90°, and the average of the maximum temperatures for the last 15 days of the month was above 90°. The past month was the driest June on record since statewide obser- vations began in 1890. The average rainfall was only 1.99 inches which is 2.53 inches below the normal, and .68' inch less than the average for June, 1894, which was the driest June on record prior to the past month. Showers were frequent during the first 10 days, over the western and central sections of the state but after the 10th the rainfall was light and unevenly distributed; the western counties receiving the larger amounts. In the eastern part of the state the rainfall was light during the entire month. Corn made very slow growth during the first half of the month and owing to poor seed, cold weather and the activity of the moles and cut and wire worms, much more replanting was done than usual. During the latter half of the month, however, corn made very rapid growth and was nearly up to the normal stage of growth at the end of the* month. The dry weather and intense sunshine were exceptionally fa- vorable for killing weeds and the fields were never cleaner at the end of June than they were this year. The soil was in the very best of condition to withstand the effect of dry weather. Small grains made considerable advancement and at the close of the month were in good condition and filling and ripening nicely. On the whole June was a favorable month, though the condition of all crops at its close was somewhat below the average of the past 10 years; hay, pasturage and early potatoes receiving the greatest damage from the drouthy conditions. Temperature. The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 69.5°, which is 0.7° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 68.8°, which is 1.4° above the normal; Central section, 69.8°, which is 0.8° above the normal; Southern section, 69.9°, which is 0.1° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 73.8°, at Tipton, Cedar county, and the lowest monthly mean, 66.6°, at Sibley Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 105°, at Decorah, Winneshiek county, on the 29th; the lowest temperature reported was 33°, at Xorthwood. Worth county, and at Sibley, Oscola county, on the 5th. The average monthly maximum was 96°, and the average monthly minimum was 41°. The greatest daily range was 46° at Elkader, Clayton county: Greene. Butler county, and at Mount Pleasant. Henry county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 37°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 125 stations, was 1.99 inches, which is 2.53 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2.11 inches, which is 2.46 inches below the normal. Central section, 2.12 inches, which is 2.25 inches below the normal; Southern section, 1.7* inches, which is 2.88 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 5.51 inches, ocurred at Estherville, Emmet county, and the least, 0.05 inch, at Decorah, Winneshiek county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.23 inches, occurred at Rockwell City, Calhoun county, on the 26th. Meas- urable precipitation occurred on an average of seven days. No snow fell at any station in the state during the month. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 18; partly cloudy, 7; clody, 5. The duration of sunshine was above the nor- mal, the percentage of the possible amount being S'4 at Charles City; $1 at Davenport; 66 at Des Moines; 82 at Dubuque; 75 at Keokuk, and 68 at Sioux City. Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 46 miles per hour, from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 15th. JULY. The droughty conditions that prevailed over the latter half of June, continued over the larger part of the state during the entire month of July. The average rainfall was only 1.87 inches, or 2.59 inches below the normal. July, 1894, was drier than the past month, but the total preci- pitation for the first seven months of 1894 was 12.25 inches as compared with 10.94 inches for the same months this year. The total deficiency of precipitation from January 1, to July 31, 1910, was 9.38 inches, which is the greatest on record in the state for a like period. Showers, although quite frequent, were badly distributed as to time and locality, except over the northwestern counties where they came at frequent intervals and the amount of rainfall was sufficient to keep the crop conditions above the normal for that season of the year. In the northeastern and some locali- ties in the central and southwestern counties, showers were few and widely scattered and the rainfall light. The average temperature was only 1.1° above the normal, but July, 1910, will be remembered as a hot month. The day temperatures were higher than usual, but the night temperatures were, with a few excep- tions, low. Temperatures in excess of 100° were recorded in the north- eastern counties on the 15th and 16th; in the southeastern counties on the 24th, and in the southwestern counties on the 27th. The month, as a whole, was in many respects ideal for agricultural pursuits. There were very few if any wind storms, and while it was excessively dry over the larger part of the state, the clear weather was very beneficial for haying, harvesting and threshing. Hay and all small grain was secured in excellent condition and, although the hay crop was lighter than usual, it was of the very best quality. The yield of small grain was above the average and the quality is also excellent. Corn made rapid growth and at the end of the month was strong and vigorous and earing nicely except in the northeastern and some localities in the central and southwestern ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PART I 15 counties, where the drought has been the most severe. Pastures and po- tatoes were, however, severely damaged by lack of moisture. Pastures were practically bare and early potatoes are nearly a failure. Small streams and shallow wells were dry and the stage of the rivers was lower than for many years. Tkmpebature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 112 stations, was 74. 5°, which is 1.1° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 73.1°, which is 1.0° above the normal; Central section, 74.8°, which is 1.1° above the normal; Southern section, 75.6°, which is 1.1° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 79.2°, at Tipton, Cedar county, and the lowest monthly mean, 69.8°, at Sibley, Osceola County. The highest temperature reported was 108°, at Ridgeway, Winneshiek County, on the 16th; the lowest temperature reported was 43°, at Woodburn, Clarke County, on the 19th. The average of the monthly maxima was 97°, and the average of the monthly minima was 50°. The greatest daily range was 47°, at Woodburn, Clarke County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 37°. Pbecipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 120 stations, was 1.86 inches, which is 2.58' inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.85 inches, which is 2.43 inches below the normal; Central section, 1.57 inches, which is 2.94 inches below the normal; Southern section, 2.16 inches, which is 2.38 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 5.69 inches, occurred at Keosauqua, Van Buren County, and the least, 0.12 inch, at New Hampton, Chickasaw County. The greatest amount in twenty- four hours, 3.52 inches, occurred at Keosauqua, Van Buren County, on the 29th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of seven days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 19; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 4. The duration of sunshine was slightly above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 88 at Charles City; 80 at Davenport; 62 at Des Moines; — at Dubuque; 69 at Keokuk, and 71 at Sioux City. Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 54 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the 7th. AUGUST. The droughty conditions which had prevailed since May, continued until the middle of August, when copious and fairly well distributed show- ers occurred; and during the latter half of the month the rainfall was generally above the normal which gave an excess for the month over the northern and central districts. There was a deficiency in the southern district, notwithstanding the fact that the heaviest rainfall in the state was reported from the southwestern counties. At Atlantic, 4.97 inches of rain fell between 2 a. m. and 10 a. m. of the 13th, and 4.03 inches fell between 3 p. m. of the 28th and 7:30 a. m. of the 29th. At Pacific Junction 16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 7.9S' inches fell between 6 p. m. of the 28th and 7 a. m. of the 29th. At sev- eral stations in the central portion of the southern district the total rain- fall for the month was less than half an inch. The temperature was very nearly normal; there being a positive depar- ture of only 0.1°. The month as a whole was considered cool although on the 1st, 11th, 12th, 21st and 22d the day temperatures were generally above 90°, and at several stations were up to 100° on the 1st or the 22d. The night temperatures were moderately low during the most of the month; the lowest being on the 26th, when minimum temperatures below 40° were recorded at several stations. The lowest temperature reported was 36°, at Plover, "Washta and Woodburn. A trace of frost was observed on the morning of the 26th on low ground in some localities, but no dam- age was done to vegetation. The dry weather during the first half of the month was favorable for threshing, but was injurious to pastures, meadows and late potatoes, and in some sections, to corn. Over the northeastern and some of the central and southwestern counties, where the showers did not come at the proper time, corn was injured to some extent, but for the state at large, the crop held its own remarkably well and was in fine condition at the close of the month. The rains during the latter half of the month were very beneficial to pastures, meadows, potatoes and late corn, and at the close of the month the indications were favorable for more than an average yield of corn, in spite of the long continued drought. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 71.9°, which is 01° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 70.3°, which is the normal; Central section, 72.3°, which is 0.4° above the normal; Southern section. 73.1°, which is 0.2° below the nor- mal. The highest monthly mean was 75.2°, at Ottumwa, Wapello County, and the lowest monthly mean, 66.8°, at Sibley, Osceola County. The high- est temperature reported was 104°, at Bedford, Taylor County, on the 22d; the lowest temperature reported was 36°, at Plover, Pocahontas County, Washta, Cherokee County, and Woodburn, Clarke County, on the 26th. The average monthly maximum was 96°, and the average monthly mini- mum was 43°. The greatest daily range was 47°, at Decorah. Winneshiek county, and at Elkader, Clayton County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 36°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 124 stations, was 3.88 inches, which is 0.11 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 3.80 inches, which is 0.28 inch above the normal; Central section, 4.51 inches, which is 0.46 inch above the normal; Southern section, 3.32 inches, which is 1.08 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 11.22 inches, occurred at Atlantic, Cass County, and the least, 0.37 inch, at Chariton. Lucas County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 7.98 inches, occurred at Pacific Junction, Mills County, on the 28th and 29th. Meas- urable precipitation occurred on an average of eight days. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK PARTI 17 Sunshine axd Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, C. The duration of sunshine was slightly below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 75 at Charles City; 70 at Davenport; 60 at Des Moines; 54 at Dubuque; 63 at Keokuk, and 74 at Sioux City. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 65 miles per hour from Ihe north, at Sioux City. Woodbury County, on the 2d. SEPTEMBER. Although the mean temperature Avas below and the average rainfall was above the normal, the month was very favorable for farm operations and other outdoor pursuits and for maturing the late crops. The average temperature was only 0.5° below the normal, and the de- ficiency was quite uniform over the state. The 17th was generally the warmest day, when maximum temperatures of 90 c or above were recorded at most stations over the southern half of the State. The highest recorded during the month, 99°. occurred, however, at Creston on the 15th. The 2d. 5th, 7th, 11th, 18th and 30th were also warm days. The coolest days of the month were the 9th, 10th and 27th. Light frost occurred at sev- eral stations, on low ground, on the 9th and 10th, and heavy to killing frost on the 27th. Freezing temperatures occurred at several stations in the extreme western counties on the latter date, but no material dam- age was done except to tender vines and garden truck as the low tem- perature was of short duration and the corn was generally far enough advanced toward maturity to escape injury. The precipitation was well distributed throughout the month and fairly well distributed geographically although the largest amounts were re- corded in the western, central and south central counties, and the heav- iest showers occurred on the 15, 22, 23, or 26th, when excessive amounts were recorded at several stations. The rains have revived pasturage and aftermath in meadows, replenished the water supply for stock, put the soil in fine condition for plowing and started the growth of fall sown grain. Threshing was practically finished and more seed corn was gathered than ever before during the month of September. There has been a de- cided increase in the acreage sown to winter grains, especially fall wheat. Fall pasturage is in excellent condition and much more than the usual amount of corn has been cut for fodder and ensilage on account of the shortage in the hay crop. Late potatoes were materially benefited by the August and early September rains, but the crop will be short. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 113 stations, was 63.2°, which is 0.5° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 61.4°, which is 0.7° below the normal; Central section, 63.3°, which is 0.3° below the normal; Southern section, 64 8°. which is 0.7° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 67.4°, at Ottumwa, Wapello 2 18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE County, and the lowest monthly mean, 58.6°, at Estherville, Emmet Coun- ty. The highest temperature reported was 99°, at Creston, Union County, on the 15; the lowest temperature reported was 30°, at Sheldon, O'Brien County, on the 27th; and at Woodburn, Clarke County, on the 10th. The average monthly maximum was S'8°, and the average monthly minimum was 36°. The greatest daily range was 49°, at Creston, Union County; and at Corning, Adams County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 3.59 inches, which is 0.18 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 2.90 inches, which is 0.51 inch below the normal; Central section, 4.04 inches, which is 0.80 inch above the normal; Southern section, 3.84 inches, which is 0.27 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 7.43 inches, occurred at Afton, Union County, and the least, 1.18 inches, at Elma, Howard County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 3.76 inches, occurred at Afton, Union County, on the 16th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 9 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 7; clody, 9. The duration of sunshine was slightly be- low the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 67 at Charles City; 63 at Davenport; 53 at Des Moines; 54 at Dubuque; 50 at Keoukuk; and 60 at Sioux City. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 39 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the 4th. OCTOBER. October, 1910, was unusually warm and pleasant even for Iowa where Indian Summer weather generally prevails at that time of the year. It was the warmest October since 1900 and the driest since 1895, and there have been only three warmer months of that name during the past 21 years. With the exception of light showers between the 3d and 5th, clear and generally warm weather prevailed until the 18th with 4 partly cloudy and only 6 cloudy days during the month. The 2d was generally the warmest day, but at a few stations the highest temperature for the month was recorded on the 10, 11, 15 or 16th. A cool wave passed over the state on the 6th and 7th that caused light frost in all sections and freezing temperatures at some stations in the extreme northern counties, but no damage resulted to crops. The temperature was abnormally high between the 11th and 18th. during which time the daily maximum tem- peratures were very near or above 80° in all parts of the state and the weather was clear and balmy. Light rain began in the western counties during the late afternoon of the ISth, spreading over the state on the 19th, 20th and 21st, with a decided drop in temperature which resulted in freezing temperatures and killing frosts in northern and western coun- ties on the 22d and heavy frost over the southeastern counties, but the ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK PART J 19 coldest period of the month was on the 28th and the 29th when the mini- mum temperatures were below the freezing point and killing frost oc- curred at all stations. The first snow of the season fell in the form of light flurries on the 27th and 28th. The warm, dry weather was very favorable for ripening the corn crop, finishing threshing, digging potatoes and for all outdoor operations, ex- cept that the soil was too dry for satisfactory plowing and in many places the surface water supply was scarce and the water in shallow wells was low. Corn-husking began during the third week and became general during the fourth week of the month. The large acreage of fall wheat was in excellent condition at the close of the month. Home-grown strawberries were on the market at Dubuque until the closing week of October and a few boxes were picked at some time during the month at many places in the eastern and southern counties. Tempebature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 113 stations, was 55.2°, which is 3.3° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 53.7°, which is 3.6° above the normal; Central section, 55.3°, which is 3.5° above the normal. Southern section, 56.6°, which is 2.8° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 60.1°, at Ottumwa, Wapello County, and the lowest monthly mean was 51.7°, at North wood, Worth County. The highest temperature reported was 93°, at Inwood, Lyon County, on the 10th, and at Ottumwa, Wapello County, on the 16th; the lowest temperature reported was 10°, at Woodburn, Clarke County, on the 29th. The average monthly maximum was 86°, and the average monthly minimum was 18°. The greatest daily range was 56°, at Keo- sauqua, Van Buren County, on the 30th. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 40°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 0.77 inch, which is 1.58 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 0.81 inch, which is 1.46 inches below the normal; Central section, 0.77 inch, which is 1.67 inches below the normal; Southern section, 0.74 inch, which is 1.61 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 1.73 inches, occur- red at Fort Dodge, Webster County, and the least, a trace, at Chariton, Lucas County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.32 inches, occurred at Fort Dodge, Webster county, on the 19th. Measurable preci- pitation occurred on an average of 4 days. Snow. — The average depth' of unmelted snowfall w r as 0.1 inch, nearly all stations reported at least a trace; the greatest depth was 2.0 inches, at Algona, Kossuth County. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 21; partly cloudy, 4; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was about 10 per cent above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 71 at Charles City; 72 at Davenport; 73 at Des Moines; 66 at Dubuque; 72 at Keoukuk, and 77 at Sioux City. 20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 46 miles per hour from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the 27th. NOVEMBER. There was a great contrast between the weather in November, 1909, and November, 1910. Last year both the temperature and precipitation were decidely above the normal which was unprecedented; the average temperature being 6.5° above and the average precipitation, 4.00 inches above the normal. The snowfall was also much above the normal, the monthly amounts ranged from 8 to 29.5 inches. The heavy rains caused high stages in all streams and rivers and much of the bottom lands were flooded and the heavy snow prevented the harvesting of about 35 per cent of the corn crop. The weather during November, 1910, was, on the whole, very pleasant and exceptionally favorable for outdoor work, the temperature and the precipitation both being below the normal. The deficinecy of tempera- ture was, however, due to uniformly low maxima rather than to abnor- mally low minimum temperatures. In fact, the minimum tmperatures were above the normal and while there were several days on which mod- erately low temperature prevailed in some parts of the state, the first general cold wave of the season did not occur until the last day of the month. The precipitation was much below the normal at all stations except at Cumberland, Cass County, where there was a slight excess due to a heavy shower of rain on the 4th when 1.02 inches fell. The average snowfall was also much below the normal and 18 of the 121 reporting stations did not have even a trace of snow during the month. Owing to the dry weather, rapid progress was made in gathering the corn crop and at the end of the month about 90 per cent of the crop had been harvested and the corn was in unusually good condition. Dry weather has not been favorable for pasturage and fall grain and the latter is not in as good condition as it was at the close of November, 1909. All streams and shallow wells are abnormally low and the scarcity of water is becoming serious in many sections. Press dispatches indicate that several railroads are experiencing considerable trouble in supplying their engines with water. Some of the reservoirs along the line of the Burlington road are dry or nearly so, and many trains have been carry- ing two tenders with which to supply the water, one being entirely in- adequate where such a great distance has to be covered between the water stations. The Iowa Central railroad has also experienced considerable trouble, engines are barely able to make terminals for water, the supply in the smaller towns along the line having become exhausted. This is especially true over the southeastern divisions of the road. Temperatube. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 113 stations, was 33.°, which is 2.5° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Nor- EL E V E N T 1 1 A N N UAL YEA K J JOO K PA UT I 2 1 them section, 30.9°, which is 2.8° below the normal; Central section. 33.5°, which is 2.2° below the normal; Southern section, 35.9° which is 2.3° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 38.4 °, at Coun- cil Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, and the lowest monthly mean, 28.0°, at Estherville, Emmet County. The highest temperature reported was 76°, at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, on the 8tti; the lowest temperature reported was 5°, at Jefferson, Greene county, on the 3d. The average monthly maximum was 61°, and the average monthly mini- mum was 12°. The greatest daily range was 54°, at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 35°. Pbecipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 0.34 inch, which is 1.05 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section. 0.22 inch, which is 1.09 inches below the normal; Central section, 0.35 inch, which is 1.08 inches below the normal; Southern section, 0.45 inch, which is 0.99 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 1.03 inches, occurred at Cumberland, Cass County, and the least, a trace at Carroll. Carroll County, Chariton, Lucas County, Denison, Crawford County. Forest City, Winnebago County, Sac City, Stuart, Guthrie County, and at Whitten, Hardin County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.02 inches, occurred at Cumberland, Cass County, on the 4th. Measur- able precipitation occurred on an average of 3 days. Snow. — The average depth of unmelted snowfall was 0.7 inch. The greatest depth was 3.8 inches, at Ridgeway, Winneshiek County; 18 of the 121 reporting stations had no snow during the month. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 13; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was slightly be- low the normal, the precentage of the possible amount being 47 at Charles City; 45 at Davenport; 56 at Des Moines; 50 at Dubuque; 44 at Keokuk; and 56 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 49 miles per hour from the southeast, at Sioux City, Woodbury County. on the 3d. Thunderstorms occurred as follows: At Pacific Junction on the 20th: at Clinton, Fort Madison, and at Ridgeway on the 26th; at Amana, Dela- ware, Elkader, Grand Meadow, and at Independence, on the 27th: and, at Dubuque on the 26th and 27th. DECEMBER. December, 1910, will go on record as the driest month of that name on record since state-wide observations began in 1890. The average precipi- tion was only 0.37 inch, which is O.S'2 inch below the normal and 1.81 inches less than the average amount in December, 1909. Except over the south- eastern counties where rain fell on the 28th or 29th, nearly all of the pre- cipitation was in the form of snow and most of it fell on the 5th, 6th, 9th, 22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 10th, 18th and 22d, but the amounts were too small to afford any relief from the effects of the long continued drouth and at the close of the month the ground was bare except over the northern counties where the snow was about 2 inches in depth. The mean temperature was very nearly normal, there being a deficiency of only 0.2 of a degree. The month was characterized by the uniformly moderately low temperatures and the absence of severe storms, and to the fact that there were only one or two cold waves. The Sth and 24th were the coldest days but the temperature on those dates was only 2 or 3 de- grees below zero in the southern and from 5 to 14 degrees below in the northern counties. The weather was ideal for finishing the corn harvest and all of the crop was secured in excellent condition. Cattle lived in the pastures and stalk fields nearly all of the month, thereby, allowing a great saving of hay and grain. The dry weather has not, however, been favorable for fall wheat or young August sown alfalfa, and the drouth has caused many shallow wells and small streams to go dry. The scarcity of water has been serious in many localities, and in some instances farmers have been obliged to sell their stock on account of lack of facilities for watering it. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 23.4°, which is 0.2° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 20.9°, which is normal; Central section, 23.5°, which is 0.3* be- low normal; Southern section, 25.7°, which is 0.5° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 28.8°, at Keokuk, Lee County, and the lowest monthly mean. 18.2°, at Elma, Howard County, and Forest City, Winne- bago County. The highest temperature reported was 57°, at Baxter, Jas- per County, on the 26th; the lowest temperature reported was — 14°, at Britt, Hancock County, on the 24th. The average monthly maximum was 50°, and the average monthly minimum was — 5°. The greatest daily range was 54°, at Iowa City, Johnson County, and at Keosauqua, Van Buren County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 36°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 123 stations, was 0.37 inch, which is 0.82 inch below the nor- mal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 0.32 inch, which is 0.71 inch below the normal; Central section, $0.38 inch, which is 0.32 inch below the normal; Southern section, 0.41 inch, which is 0.92 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 1.39 inches, occurred at Burlington, Des Moines County, and the least. 0.01 inch, at LeMars, Plymouth County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.12 inches, occurred at Burlington, Des Moines County, on the 28th. Measurable pre- cipitation occurred on an average of 3 days. Snow — The average depth of unmelted snowfall was 3.0 inches. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 35 inches; Cen- tral section, 3.2 inches; Southern section, 2.2 inches. The greatest depth was 8.0 inches at Elkader, Clayton County; and the least, 0.1 inch, at Le- Mars, Plymouth County. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-FART I 23 Sunbiiink and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was about the nor- mal, the percentage of the possible amount being 55 at Charles City; 58' at Davenport; 54 at Des Moines; 50 at Dubuque; 64 at Keokuk; and 47 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 44 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the :10th. 24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AUR[Cl*LTl T RE ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK I'AliT ! aS •~a «2 ha t«, '- 2' 2' 2' 2' ' - oo cm <*> 5* " "0 5' <«< «o to cm o» cv cm(ncmcmcmcmcmcmcm >50 Ed *)-S o >» "• W . OnCJ •a ^ Si -5 3 CO*t0-1< oj es S.C3 « b b at b - 2 ^ "'l 2 r-, us 2 3 2 2 >-. a-a ai i B . -i ~ >.^ '5 ( OOOOOOCuCh^C 55 * h S t cc-^s ^ a — * - iMtf ^ B ..at-. i h x c c nioioinMioitpjini'pjnT'* f- CM CM IN i-H CM HHHCVH jJc.H.C.bbbbbbb'bc.S 2<<<2222222 2<2 t : Aj B s- u cc £ t, b eS B +- 0) O. c c sj5 &-r b c > t- * , ££££ S£8 »Or-«CClCO^(rjC*Cs(C^(r^c^M NWW■.'•: "E >-. >. >.~z >■ >> >■ >■ >-'z t. >■ C.Sc.C.BBBj^SBBBBc.C.B < 2 ■< «jj ,-. .-. <■. < 2 2 2 2 2 < < 2 is es a, J CD -t-> Oil qj a a OCJ i^.» = .— i — i-, — _ _ •—,.. TL --i •** , — — o !£ic 55 O il^ltlllli||l|||||l^|ilp^gg|i||||^| WH^fafefa^cr^CCCKffiEKK««w««4t-<-WJhJJ l J^'-'h522222^» «•* OJ CM Ci CM C< W(NCK! ! Oi CO 00 r* Oi CM CM CM -~ ct o> CM CM ^^OOCJfO NWC! WO)W C( CI ?! Ci CJ CU( w o< Ol CI CICIWI C* Ci C* CM C>CO'^COtO*0»OCOlO (CO»O'rfiacO'»*'C0i-l"5 , C0C0 1-Hr- rHCM f-ICMiHCM-H (J( IHOiH i-l CM CM H«| >>>>>.>, >1 >. ■■ '. >. >:z >. >: _ >."£. >■ >-'Z >■ >-~ >.'Z ! >-'Z >■ >■ >•" >■ >■■ >■ >■ >> aO.^&^^BBBBBBBBaBBc.Bc.BBci.BCciBfi >Bp.BBCaBEBBa -<<1rt-r;2222 2222^-. 2<22<2<22-i22-^. 2< '2<222—22r*. «r-. 2 2G IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW. Crop Season of 1910. Extremely low temperatures prevailed during the first decade of Jan- uary, with two notably heavy snowstorms during the first half of the month. The first being on the 4th-5th and the second on the 12tk-13th. The snowfall was unusually heavy and caused a great deal of delay in railroad traffic, and the accumulating of snow caused considerable dam- age to buildings, especially in the northern part of the state. The roofs of numerous structures collapsed as a result of the weight of snow; the damage to property in Dubuque being estimated at about $10 000. Snow flurries occurred at frequent intervals during the latter half of the month but the amounts of snow were small and only tended to prolong the good sleighing which began on December 5th or 6th, 1909. The ground was thoroughly covered with snow during the entire month in the northern, and most of the time in the southern districts, and as a result fall grains suffered no injury from the effects of the cold weather. The 6th and 7th were the coldest days, the lowest temperature occurring generally on the 6th, when the minimum ranged from — S° to — 33° over the south- ern, and — 18° to — 35° over the northern counties. The weather during February was exceptionally pleasant; there be- ing no severe storms and a very small amount. of precipitation. The av- erage precipitation being only 0.46 inch which is 0.60 inch below the normal. At many sations it was the driest February in over 30 years. The temperature was, however, below the normal although the weather was moderate during most of the month. The ground was practically bare of snow over the southern counties, except from the 20 to the 24th, but over the northen counties the ground was covered with snow during the whole month. Some progress was made in gathering last year's corn but there was over 15 per cent of the crop left in the fileds at the close of the month. March, 1910, will long be remembered as having furnished more pleas- ant weather than any other March in the history of the state. It was the warmest and driest March on record. It gave the largest amount of sunshine; the least number of clody days; the least number of days with appreciable precipitation; the least number of days with freezing temperature, and less snowfall than any other March since state-wide observations began. The temperature was uniformly high and above the normal every day of the month. The highest temperature occurred generally on the 23d, and ranged from 81° to 87° over the northern, 81° to 90° over the central, and from 82 to 92° over the southern counties. There was no snowfall in excess of a trace and the rainfall was abnor- mally light. On the 1st of the month there was 6 to 8 inches of snow on the ground in the northern part of the state, but it had all melted by ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I >1 the 9th, and as there was practically no frost in the ground the soil dried rapidly, and farmers were in the field early in the month gathering the remainder of last year's corn crop, plowing and seeding small grain. The greater portion of the corn was gathered by the 15th, and by the end of the month nearly all of the wheat and nearly 50 per cent of the oats had been seeded and considerable ground had been prepared for corn. The season at the close of the month was about 4 weeks in advance of the nor- mal and from 5 to 6 weeks ahead of last year. Spring flowers were in bloom; elms, soft maples, and box elders were green or becoming so, even in the extreme northern part the state. Plum, cherry and apple trees were in bloom in the southern counties. Pastures and meadows were green, and some of the early sown grain was up before the end of the month. Fall grain, clover and alfalfa were generally in good condition, but there had been considerable damage by winter killing in western and southern districts. The first half of April, like the whole of March, was dry and generally warm, but the latter half was very changeable and erratic; the tempera- tures fluctuating from one extreme to another, and the precipitation from rain to snow. A cold spell set in on the evening of the 14th, at- tended by moderate showers which changed to snow on the 15th and con- tinued until the 18th, over the larger part of the state; the minimum tem- peratures on the 16th, 17th and 18th being from 3° to 12° below the freez- ing point in all districts, and the amounts of snowfall ranged from a trace in the southern to over 5 inches at some stations in the northeastern cornties. The freezing temperatures severely damaged fruit, as apple, cherry and plum trees were in full bloom in the northern part of the state by the 10th of the month. The damage done, however, was small as compared with the damage resulting from the freeze of the 23d and 24th, when the minimum temperatures were 10° to 12° below the freezing point in the southern counties. The ground froze hard on the morning of the 23d and the 24th, and ice one inch thick formed in tubs of water. Pew trees or shrubs escaped injury, and the foliage and new growth on some varieties, such as soft maples, box elders, wisteria, Virginia creeper, etc, were frozen and at the close of the month the dead leaves were falling off. After the 24th the temperature rose rapidly and the highest temperature ever recorded in the state during April was noted on the 28th, when the maximum temperatures ranged from 90° to 99° in the western counties. Practically all small grain was seeded and some corn planted before the middle of the month. May was abnormally cold, and except over the extreme southern coun- ties was unusually dry. Freezing temperatures occurred on one or more days in nearly all parts of the state, but as practically all the fruit was killed during April, there was little damage done. The rainfall was light and below the normal. Owing to poor seed (account of severe freezing weather on October 12th and 13th, 1909) and continuous cold weather, much of the corn failed to germinte and, notwithstanding the fact that many fields were re-planted the second and some the third time, the stand of corn was poor. The cold weather retarded the growth of vegetation and the drouthy conditions reduced the prospects of a hay 28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE crop. At the end 6f the month the foliage on shade and fruit trees was about as far advanced as on April 15th. The most notable climatic features of June were the unusually cool weather during the first half, and the high temperatures during the latter half of the month; the excessive amount of sunshine; the low per- centage of humidity; the great deficiency of rainfall; the high wind ve- locities, and the small number of thunderstorms. It was the driest June on record. Corn made slow growth during the first half of the month, and owing to poor seed, cold weather and the activity of moles, cut and wire worms, much more replanting was done than usual. During the latter half of the month corn made rapid growth as the fields were clean and the soil was in the best of condition to withstand the effects of dry weather. On the whole June was a favorable month, although the con- dition of all crops at its close was somewhat below the average of the past 10 years; hay, pastures and early potatoes showed the greatest damage from the drouthy conditions. The drouthy condition that prevailed during the latter half of June continued over the larger part of the state during the entire month of July, but the month as a whole, was in many respects ideal for agri- cultural pursuits. There was very few windstorms, and while it was excessively dry over the larger part of the state, the clear weather was very beneficial for haying, harvesting and threshing. Hay and all small grain was secured in excellent condition, and although the hay crop was lighter than usual, it was of the very best quality. The yield of small grain was above the average and the quality was also excellent. Corn made rapid growth and at the end of the month was strong and vigorous and earing nicely, except in the northeastern and some localities in the central and southwestern counties where the drouth had been the most severe. Pastures and potatoes were, however, severely damaged by lack of moisture. Pastures were practically bare and early potatoes were nearly a failure. Small streams and shallow wells were dry and the stage of the rivers was lower than for many years. The drouthy conditions which had prevailed since May, continued un- til the middle of August, when copious and fairly well distributed showers occurred. During the latter half of the month the rainfall was generally above the normal. The temperature was normal authough temperatures of 90° or above were recorded on several days between the 1st and 22d. A trace of frost was observed in some localities on the 26th, but no damage was done. The dry weather during the first half of the month was favorable for threshing, but was injurious to pastures, meadows and late potatoes, and in some sections, to corn. Although the mean temperature was below and the average rainfall was above the normal, the month of September was favorable for farm operations and other outdoor pursuits and for maturing the late crops. Light frost occurred on low ground at several stations on the 9th and 10th and heavy frost on the 27th. Freezing temperatures occurred at several stations in the extreme western counties on the latter date, but no ma- terial damage was done except to tender vines and garden truck as the low temperature was of short duration and the corn was generally far ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAH BOOK PAUT 1 r.) enough advanced toward maturity to escape injury. The precipitation was slightly above the normal and fairly well distributed. The rains stimulated the growth of grass, replenished the water supply, put the soil in fine condition for plowing and started the growth of fall sown grain. Threshing was practically finished and more seed corn was gath- ered than ever before during the month of September. October was unusually warm, dry and pleasant. Corn husking began during the third week and became general during the fourth week of the month. The temperature was sufficiently high to ripen strawberries in many localities. The first general killing frost with freezing tempera- tures did not occur until the 28th-29th. November and December were pleasant and dry with the temperature slightly below the normal. The corn harvest was finished early in De- cember and all of the crop was secured in excellent condition. Notwithstanding the fact that 1910 was the driest year on record and the spring months were abnormal, the year as a whole was a pro- fitable one to the farmers in the state. The yields of corn and small grain were considerably above the average but the yield of hay and po- tatoes were materially reduced by the drouthy conditions and practically all fruit was killed by the severe freezing temperatures in April. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— ANNUAL. Temperature Precipitation a 1890 1891 1893 18d« 1S94 1895 1896 1897 18)8 1899 1900 1901 190:2 1903 1904 1905 19CC 1907 1908 1909 1910 48.0 47.3 46.6 45.7 49.7 47.2 48. 6 47.8 47.7 47.3 49.3 49.0 47.7 47.2 46.3 47.2 48.4 47.4 49.5 47.4 4S.6 July 13 August 9 July 11 _. July* 13 July 26 May 28 July 3 July* 23 August 20 September 6— August 3 Julv 22 July 30 August 24 July 17 August 11 July 21 July 5 August 3 August* 15 July 16 - —27 -31 -38 -36 —37 -33 -20 -30 —25 —10 —27 -31 —31 —27 —32 —41 —32 —SI —18 —26 —35 January 22 Febuary 4 January 19 January 14 January 25 ... February 1 January 4 January 25 December 31 . February 11 __ February 15 — December 15 . January 27 ... December 13 . January 27 ... February 2 ... Februarv 10 .. February 5 .. January 29 ... February* 15 January 7 CB o c C3 00 « V 2 < 3 C « a a c t less than on August 1st. About two-thirds of the threshing has been completed and preliminary reports indicate average yields as follows: Winter wheat, 23 bushels per acre; spring wheat, 21; oats, 39; barley, 30; rye, 21. and timothy seed, 3.6 bushels. The average yield of grain is subject to change after the re- ceipt of final and more complete reports at the end of the season. FINAL REPORTS FOR THE STATE— TOTAL YIELD OF SOIL PRO- DUCTS—VALUE AT FARM PRICES, DECEMBER 1, 1910. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service and Threshermen, showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average prices at the farms or nearest stations. December 1, 1910. The value gained by feeding farm crops for production of live stock, poultry and dairy pro- ducts, is not taken into consideration in this report. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 43 Corn. — The estimated acreage of the corn crop is 8,940,300 acres and, notwithstanding the fact that the average precipitation for the state for the 9 months, January to September, inclusive, was only 18.41 inches, which is S'.72 inches below the normal and the least amount for a like period in the past 21 years except in 1894, when the total for the same months was 17.40 inches, the average yield is 39.7 bushels per acre, and the total output for the state appears to be 354,506,500 bushels. This is the largest yield with one exception ever credited to the state. In 1906 the total yield was 388.348,920 and the average yield was 41 bushels per acre. At the average farm price, 36 cents per bushel, this year's corn crop is valued at $127,622,340.00. Nearly all of the crop is now in cribs and the condition of the corn was never better. Oats. — Average yield, 38.9 bushels per acre; total crop, 162,228,970 bushels; farm price, 27 cents; total volue, $45,421,822.00. Spring Wheat. — Average yield per acre, 20.2 bushels; total yield, 5,920,- 100; farm value at 86 cents per bushel, $5,141,286.00. Winter Wheat. — The average yield of winter wheat was 22.3 bushels per acre; total yield, 4,125,820 bushels; average farm price, 86 cents per bushel; value of crop, $3,548,205.00. Barley. — Average per acre, 30.5 bushels; total yield, 16,294,850 bushels; farm price, 56 cents per bushel; total value, $9,125,116.00. Rye. — Average yield 18.8 bushels per acre; total crop 738,840 bushels; farm price, 61 cents; total value, $450,692.00. Flax Seed. — Average per acre, 10.2 bushels; total product/ 172,840 bush- els; total value at $2.28 per bushel, $394,075.00. Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 79 bushels; total product, 10,776,000 bushels; average farm price, 48 cents; total value $6,250,080.00. Hay. — Average per acre, 1.15 tons; total yield, 4,903,300; farm price on December 1, $9.75; total value, $47,807,175.00. TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. From estimates received bg Iou-a Weather and Crop Service. Corn _ 354,506,500 Bu. $ 127,622,340.00 Oats 108,228,970 Bu. 45,421,822.00 Spring wheat 5,920,100 Bu. 5,141,286.00 Winter wheat 4,125,820 Bu. 3,548,205.00 Barley 16,294,&50 Bu. 9,125,116.00 Rve — _ _ 738.840 Bu. 450,692.00 Fiax „ . 172,840 Bu. 394,075.00 Potatoes ... . - 10,776,000 Bu. 6,2.50,080.00 Hay 4,903,300 Tons 47,807,175.00 Pastures and grazing Estimated 94,000,000.00 Timothv and clover seed" - Estimated 1,000,000.00 \lfnlfn and millet . — Estimated 610,000.00 Sweet corn I ' Estimated 700,000.00 Pon corn '"- '- - Estimated 400.000.00 Fruit crons Estimated 3.000.000.00 Garden truck" """II I! " _ Estimated 5,000,000.00 Miscellaneous crops ._ Estimated 12,000,000.00 Total value * 362,470.791.00 44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE te O o c« 'O ©© ©©< • © © -* 52 ! 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CU '— ^ 0) & So 05 cS 3 tea" a j) Co D © O >- ^5^ .2 g cS CS O >j PART II STATISTICAL TABLES OF IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS CORN CROPS— 1880, 1835, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. 03 2 "3 •O I 3 4) >>> 6Ca; « u «- u 0J to "a a> a 3 «3 V > Q, o !>>£ o o < H < H < 1880 1885 18t*0 230,033,200 $.25 221,636,522 .23 239,675,156 .41 $57,058,300 51,666,400 98,266,814 5,625,200 6,803,834 8,559,827 CORN CROPS— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year >cd cd ^ M> 2 - u CD CD > a. < 2 CD >> o EC S 3 CD °--i mcd 2 : i- CD cS 3 > >a < CD fl ► « o H CD M CS CD h O < 1880 1885 ... 35 32.5 29 42,288,800 71,737,900 80,002,735 $.23 .21 .38 $ 9,496,424 15,064,959 30,401,039 1,179,680 2,207,320 1890 2,758,715 OATS— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year CD CD *h cdQ McD 2 CS a^a t~Z. '■ cp « a 2 4,018,980 4,177,545 4,166,800 4,536,170 4,431,650 4,312,134 4,697,749 4,08S,331 WHEAT— 1880, 18S5, 1900. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Towa Agricultural Society. Year "d es 2 % t>iCD £ 5? § I t-> t> u CD CD ft > Q CO < ■d ed — « Q) 2 a >>CD £ CD £ u M" CD CS *« U S- - CD CD-T > afr < CS CD •rtt s « a O co H 4-> CS CD cS.2 -J CS — - OcS E- <~ ■ a o •m CD cdQ cd"E < CO .2 CD « 3 4-» CS o > CD en cs CD U O 1880 10.5 12 11.7 36,099,760 31,776,108 25,114,552 $.82 $29,501,803 .61 19,383,426 .78 19,589,350 3,437,948 1885 2,648,009 1890 2,092,896 ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 53 WHEAT— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year ■O (8 ■— — u O) C C. > aoo < •d es — i 4) •22 & »£ *-> O T M « n O CO H CD sS H 2s o * u . CS o a. si (7) « « 3 S^ O > » "3 o ID M CO O 1880 23 27 34 4,600,000 5,737,095 3,664,368 $.42 .33 .47 $1,932,000 1,893,241 1,722,254 200,000 1835 .... . 1890 212,485 152,683 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BARLEY— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Yea 2 a! CU t-i « rt CD 0) > p. < 2 13 o CO S 3 — DQ ev — — ra 3 S3 > >£> 3 > o E-" CD bo 08 CD Ij O •< 1896 — 29 25 27.5 25.6 25.3 24.3 25 24.7 25 27.5 26.5 24.6 26.7 17.5 25.9 15, SSI, 618 14,076,850 14,138,000 14,719,310 12,695,200 14,654,410 15,380,910 12,179,790 12,317,710 15,566,770 14,858,830 9,893,330 10,629,660 10,352,040 8,614,541 $ .20 .23 .30 .30 .33 .44 .33 .37 .34 .33 .36 .60 .50 .46 .56 $3,176,320 3,237,670 4,209,740 4,415,570 4,189,410 6,447,940 5,075,710 4,506,522 4,188,021 5,137,034 5,349,178 5,935,998 5,314,830 4,761,938 4,824,143 547,642 1897 - -- 551,867 1898 ... . . . 509,580 1899 . 557,598 1800 - ' 501,740 1901 - 604,610 1902 594,070 1903 _ 493,108 1S04 493,370 1905 - ... — 1906 - 565,700 558,870 1907 -- 397,210 1908 1909 — — 307,408 562,622 1910 - 324,571 25.3 13,063,931 $ .38 $4,718,002 504,665 RYE— 18S0, 18S5, 1890. Statistics Compiled trom Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II RYE— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 CD as « t- u i, > P. < 2 CD "3 o 00 I i ffl ft— BCD K CS g.S ■— — >& < 3 > o e M ea V u o < 1S96 1897 1898 . 1899 . 1900 1901 _. .. 1902 .... .. 1903 1904 1905 - 1906 ... 16 15 16 16.3 15.6 15.8 17 15.6 15 18 17.5 17 17.1 13.4 13.8 1,891,716 3,490,344 3,370,550 2,061,160 1,621,130 859,630 882,830 1,923,060 1,517,090 1,283,500 1,093,160 900,060 869,072 556,846 407,058 $.25 .34 .38 .40 .43 .48 .40 .44 .54 .52 .48 .61 .63 .60 .61 $ 4S6.680 1,186,710 1,280,800 824,460 697,300 859,630 353,132 846,146 819,228 667,420 520,719 549,036 547,515 334,107 248,305 121,670 226,198 210,309 126,230 103,680 54,390 55,1.50 123,273 99,500 71,305 62,530 52,975 50,893 41,606 29,502 1907 1908 .. 1909 1910 Average 15 years 15.9 1,515,147 $.47 $ 681,413 95,287 HAY— 1880, 18S5, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 CD a M fe s • - Total yield- tons 2 o 22 < 1 2 51 i-i m cd d 0° H «3 2S • 1 a) 3 > 1 b « 5.3 « 2 0) 4) 6. 3 CB > 1 >> 4> 3 « MO- 13 a> arr 1 0) 3 !>> > et -3 o* a> 60 a) c u. o < 11*96 1897 1S9S 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 l-:; 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.1 3,376,440 3,362,2S7 3,853,561 3,852,941 3,607,010 3,711,680 4,439,040 5,216,404 4,499,090 6,477,300 4,898,950 5,117,878 5,838,640 5,828,580 3,876,844 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 2,325,000 1,939,117 1,645,419 1,458,195 1,530,050 1,268,700 1,202,860 1,191,345 1,091,590 1,313,310 1,110,690 1,172,590 1,445,959 1,219, 630 807,280 5,701,440 5,301,320 5,498,080 5,311,139 5,139,069 4,980,380 5,641,900 6,407,749 5,590,680 7,790,610 6.013,640 6,290,468 7,284,620 7,048,210 4,684,124 $4.59 4.50 4.30 5.75 6.50 8.25 6.80 5.75 5.62 5.50 7.50 8.50 6.16 7.42 10.15 $3.30 3.70 3.50 4.90 5.00 6.30 5.50 4.95 4.50 4.50 5.50 6.75 5.09 5.90 8.00 $22,782,000 22,304,000 22,281,000 29,350,030 31,120,000 38,712,000 36,737,322 35,891,483 30,197,040 41,535,045 42,805,920 51,310,945 43.326,060 50,443,781 45,808,207 3,809,930 3,315,972 4,104,9,7 3,742,655 4,07S,9C0 3,608,450 3,331,408 3,651,894 3,707,298 4,693,025 4,418,6 4.26S, 730 4,146,870 4,299,740 4,367,725 1899 . . ISO) 1901 _ K02 1903 1904 . 1905 1906 1S07 - 1908 - 1909 1910 Av. 15 yrs 1.6 4.530,100 1.3 1,381,450 5,911,561 6.48 5.16 36,310,720 3,973,144 FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 £►>© eS a t- u >a < "3 >> o3 o E- £ 6 c- t, O) ■h a o 3 o ID bo a a s- a < 1880 10 10.5 1,034,200 $1.00 .94 $1,034,200 2,503,293 3,276,989 103,420 *1SS5 1890 2,929,081 1.10 283,722 *No other data. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II .->; FLAX— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 >a < CD D 3 > 3 o H Acreage 1896 9.5 10 10.5 11.2 11.7 18. S 8 8.7 11 9.8 10.7 10.8 11.3 10 8.6 1,946,720 2,498,600 2,376,600 1,597,790 1,222,980 916,890 755,350 355,160 591,140 173,770 205,280 461,960 461,580 173,650 170,387 $ .95 .87 .80 1.04 1.50 1.29 1.00 .78 1.15 .90 .97 .98 1.01 1.29 2. 23 $1,135,000 2,173,782 1,901,280 1,661,898 1,834,470 916,890 725,350 277,024 679,811 166,393 200,091 408,640 466,195 223,647 388,482 199,128 249,882 225,014 142,175 1897 1S9S 1899 1900 _. 108,850 104,140 94,767 40,823 51,370 17,732 19,160 42,790 40,833 17,365 19,821 1901 . 1902 1903 . 1904 — . 1905 1908 1907 1903 1909 1910 Average 15 years 10.7 927,190 $1.12 $ 876,597 91,590 POTATOES— 18S0, 1883, 1S90. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 P»>CD CU «- CS " c- U CD CD > 0, < 2 CO >> «3 o +-» GO I 6 W)CD ^ cs a — ' — z> >o < CD 3 3 > 3 o o so eo CD U a < 1880 95 82 49 10,165,000 12,874,000 8,332,352 $.35 .40 .SI $3,557,750 5,149,600 6,749,205 107,000 1885 .. . 1890 - 157,000 170,043 58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATOES— 1896-1910. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 s?s >& < 3 "c3 > £0 O H o 6X1 ad 586,000 202,000 710,000 142,000 9SO.000 072,000 ,418,000 532,000 67S,000 960,000 ,120,000 ,609,000 100,000 ,575,000 ,724,000 ,473,000 ,300,000 214,000 162,000 ,000,000 ,900,000 ,630,000 ,720,000 ,524,000 ,232,000 ,493,000 ,800,000 ,772,000 ,8S4,O0O 8,000 6,000 143,000 70,000 12,000 13,000 6,000 16,000 IS, Oil:) 19,000 114,002,000 27.4 46.0 46.0 43.0 45.5 40.0 53.2 38.3 36.0 41.0 31.8 33.5 25.5 26.0 18.6 18.5 14.5 13.0 36.5 39.3 39.1 32.4 32.5 32.7 36.3 33.0 14.0 25.0 25.8 19.0 29.0 25.9 18.0 20.5 23.6 20.6 16.0 24.0 23.0 10.0 19.9 23.0 32.5 30.3 32.0 28.0 25.5 37.5 Produc- tion a® £3 782,000 1,426,000 2,881,000 2,275,000 440,000 3,352,000 26,044,000 10,440,000 65,026,000 6,424,000 23,785,000 54,621,000 23,920,000 57,139,000 44,733,000 65,714,000 8,814,000 144,540,000 201,216,000 414,812,000 68,040,000 51,188,000 56,375,000 343,870,000 873,900,000 2,996,000 54,050,000 208,400,000 169,100,000 105.270,000 90,348,000 63,432,000 66,250,000 58,835,000 1S1,2S0,000 92,352,000 09,216,000 184,000 60,000 2,846,000 1,610,000 390,000 394,000 192,000 448,000 459,000 1,83S,000 3,125,713,000 $.71 .69 .66 .70 .83 .68 .63 .60 .59 .52 .58 .65 .68 .76 .82 .78 .85 .46 .40 .38 .53 .52 .45 .36 .44 .58 .45 .53 .56 .71 .63 .55 .63 .51 .58 .95 .66 .60 .90 1.10 .84 i?.4SS ■- a o > 555,000 984,000 1,901,000 1,592,000 365,000 2,279,000 16,408,000 6,264,000 38,365,000 3,340,000 13,795,000 35,504,000 16,266,000 43,426,000 36,681,000 51,257,000 7,492,000 66,488,000 80,486,000 157,629,000 36,061,000 26,618,000 25,369,000 123,793,000 120,516,000 1,738,000 21,620,000 74,304,000 76,095,000 55,793,000 53,955,000 45,037,000 41,741,000 32,359,000 114,206,000 47,100,000 40,145,000 175,000 40,000 1,708.000 1,419,000 429,000 331,000 136,000 336,000 367,000 1,470,000 $1,523,96S,000 ♦Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter S6, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page 86 of this year book. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II 61 PAL FARM CHOPS OP THE UNITED STATES IN 1910. Reporter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. Acreage, production and value of wheat in the United States in 1910, by states. Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Acreage 0) u u cS Li O) a 2 4) Produc- tion 6 4> ft* S3 4) CD 2 3 uO Total farm value Dec. 1 Acreage 4> u o C3 u 4) ft 2 Produc- tion CJ o> 4)-" 0,0) • 00 .2 3 (X, 3 v 2 ep „ a H u 4) a s 9,000 29.7 267,000 $1.02 $ 272,000 x o 444,000 111,000 1,556,000 122,000 794,000 795,000 410,000 652,000 453,000 260,000 1,944,000 2,627,000 23.7 13.5 17.8 17.0 17.4 12.8 12.5 11.4 11.0 10.5 16.2 15.6 15.0 18.0 20.0 21.2 13.8 16.5 14.2 12.8 11.7 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.3 13.9 22.0 25.0 23.0 20.5 23.7 20.5 2.3.7 18.0 10,523,000 2,053,000 27,697,000 2,074,000 13,816,000 10,176,000 5,125,000 7,433,000 4,983,000 2,730,000 $.96 .98 .92 .90 .92 .97 1.02 1.10 1.26 1.30 $ 10,102,000 2,012,000 25,481,000 1,867,000 12,711,000 9,871,000 5,228,000 8,176,000 6,279,000 3,549,000 28,344,000 35,653,000 27,720,000 13,921,000 1,233,000 3,244,000 21,863,000 27,720,000 51,290,000 8,928,000 10,434.000 1,763,000 81,000 18,404,000 22,066,000 2,547.000 5.392,000 998,000 1,961,000 2,670,000 5,887,000 10,809,000 9,297.000 16,074,000 1,000 29.3 29,000 1.03 30,000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 31,493,000 .90 40.981.000 .87 31.500.0001 .88 15,642,0001 .89 l,34O,O0Oi .92 3,816,000 .85 25,130 000 -87 17 18 19 2,100,000 869,000 67,000 180,000 1,821,000 2,100.000 4,300,000 750,000 010,000 130,000 5,000 1,253,000 124,000 5,880,000 350,000 18.7 16.0 20.9 2,319,000 94,080,000 7,315,000 .92 .94 .85 2,133,000 88,435,000 6,218,000 20 21 22 23 24 ^5 34,650,000 61,060,000 9,600,000 10,647,000 1,560.000 70,000 18,780,000 25.363.000 2,710,000 6,270,000 1,050,000 2,3! 2,000 3,178,000 8,176,000 13,858,000 11,068,000 17,100,000 .80 .84 .93 .98 1.13 1.16 .98 .ST .94 .86 .95 .82 .84 .72 .78 .84 .94 7,221,000 3,650,000 350,000 120,000 5.0 12.8 13.9 8.4 36,105,000 46,720,000 4,865,000 1,008,000 .90 .89 .80 .84 32,494,000 41,581,000 3,892,000 847,000 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 . 35 1,556,000 195,000 285,000 42,000 104,000 155.000 345,000 676,000 467,000 950,000 36 37 195.000 66,000 289,000 43,000 17.010 100,000 40,000 217.000 810,000 297,000 22.0 25.0 21.9 20.0 22.3 25.3 29.0 20.4 14.5 18.0 4,290,6o6 1,625,000 0.329,000 860,000 379,000 2,530,000 1,160,000 4, 427. mo 11,745,000 5,346,000 .86 .95 .82 1.00 1.20 .84 1.09 .72 .78 .84 3,639,000 1,544,000 5,190,000 860,000 4-55,000 2,125,000 1.264,000 3, 187,000 9,161,000 4, 491,00b 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 29,427,000 15.8 464,044,000 $.891 $413,575,000 19,778,000 11.7 231,399,000 $.898 $207,868,000 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI State or Territory Buckwheat Acreage Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts . Rhode Island .. Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania — Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia . North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota . South Dakota __, Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico ..- Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States Produc- tion si as Cfl o > H 131,000 42.4 5,554,000 $.48 $2,666,000 14,000 42.8 599,000 .51 305,000 85,000 41.5 3,528,000 .50 1,764,000 7,000 35.5 248,000 .50 124,000 2,000 35.0 70,000 .48 34,000 11,000 36.8 405,000 .44 178,000 1,338,000 34.5 46,161,000 .42 19,388,000 60,000 37.1 2,226,000 .44 979,000 998,000 35.2 35,130,000 .41 14,403,000 4,000 33.8 135,000 .43 58,000 27,000 30.0 810,000 .46 373,000 194,000 22.0 4,268,000 .49 2,091,000 100,000 25.2 2,520,000 .50 1,260,000 190,000 18.2 3,458,000 .60 2,075,000 219,000 21.0 4,599,000 .65 2,989,000 343,000 18.2 6,243,000 .64 3,996,000 31,000 16.2 502,000 .65 326,000 1,765,000 37.2 65,658,000 .35 22,980,000 1,850,000 35.4 65,490,000 .31 20,302,000 4,500,000 38.0 171,000,000 .30 51,300,000 1,505,000 34.0 51,170,000 .35 17,910,000 2,320,000 20.8 69,136,000 .34 23,506,000 2,736,000 28.7 78,523,000 .32 25,127,000 4,800,000 37.8 181,440,000 .27 48,989,000 780,000 33.6 26,208,000 .32 8,387,000 1,628,000 7.0 11,396,000 .37 4,217,000 1,525,000 23.0 35,075,000 .30 10,522,000 2,650,000 28.0 74,200,000 .28 20,776,000 1,400,000 33.3 46,620,000 .34 15,851,000 170,000 25.0 4,250,000 .45 1,912,000 200,000 23.0 4,600,000 .46 2,116,000 297,000 18.5 5,494,000 .60 3,296,000 175,000 19.2 3,360,000 .55 1,848,000 36,000 21.5 774,000 .49 379,000 695,000 35.0 24,325,000 .47 11,433,000 632,000 36.5 23,068,000 .37 8,535,000 172,000 27.5 4,730,000 .46 2,176,000 350,000 38.0 13,300,000 .46 6,118,000 130,000 32.0 4,160,000 .50 2,080,000 202,000 39.1 7,898,000 .46 3,633,000 30,000 27.4 822,000 .63 510,000 4.000 40.1 160,000 .90 144,000 58.000 43.0 2,494,000 .48 1,197,000 7,000 44.7 313,000 .63 197,000 184.000 38.5 7,084,000 .42 2,975,000 206,000 42.8 8,817,000 .48 4,232,000 302,000 34.5 10,419,000 .47 4,897,000 225,000 37.0 8,325,000 .50 4,162,000 35,288,000 31.9 1,126,765,000 $.341 $384,716,000 *Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 86, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page 86 of this year book. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II i;3 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IX 1910.— Con. Barley Rye 4) - eg - Acreage be O ej U 1> a 2 4) Produc- tion u Q, i> S3 otal farm value Dec. Acreage CJ eg u 0) a 2 «3 Produc- tion u o> 4)-, a* «•£ -- otal farm value Dec. u 4) a a 9 > fc H .S» Pk H A 8,000 2,000 31 248,000 52,000 $.76 .77 $ 188,000 1 26.0 40,000 2 15,000 31.0 465,000 .08 316,000 2,000 5,000 17.5 17.0 35,000 $.85 85,000 .94 30,000 3 80,000 4 10,000 20.0 200,000 .86 5 172,000 6 78,000 28.3 2,207,000 .70 1,545,000 170,000 IS. 3 3,111,000 .74 2,302,000 7 85,000 18.0 1,530,000 .77 1,178,000 8 9,000 26.5 238,000 .63 150,000 380,000! 17.0 6,460,000 .73 4,716,000 9 1,000 15.5 16,000; .69 11,000 10 1,000 31.0 31,000 .61 19,000 21,000 16.1 338,0OO| .75 254,000 11 3,000 29.3 88,000 .67 59,000 20,000, 13.5 270,000 .SO 216,000 12 12,000 12.9 155,000 .90 140,000 13 15,000 10.0 150,000 1.01 152,000 14 4,000 10.0 40,000 1.46 58,000 15 14,000 10.4 146,000 1.40 28.5 884,000 .60 530,000 17 18 31,000 56,000 16.5 924,000 .72 665,000 9,000 27.0 243,000 .56 136,000 55,000 15.8 869,000 .68 591,000 19 30,000 30.2 906,000 .56 507,000 70,000 17.4 1,218,000 .71 865,000 20 67,000 26.0 1,742,000 .58 1,010,000 3.50,000 15.3 5,355,000! .68 3,641,000 21 866,000 25.9 22,429,000 .64 14,355,000 305,000 16.0 4,880,000! .71 3,495,000 22 1,285,000 21.0 26,935,000 .60 16,191.000 115,000 17.0 1,955,000 .64 1,251,000 23 510,000 29.5 15,045,000 .b6 8,425,000 32,000 18.5 592,000 .64 379,000 24 2,000 27.0 54,000 .60 32,000 14,000 15.0 210,000 .75 158,000| 25 987,000 5.5 5,428,000 .bo 2,985,000 15,000 8.5 128,000 .63 81,000 26 1,025,000 IS. 2 18,655,000 .57 10,633,000 35,000 17.0 595,000 .61 363,000 27 135,000 18.5 2,498,000 .45 1,124,000 75,000 16.0 1,200,000 .60 720,000 28 300,000 18.0 5,400,000 .45 2,430,000 38,000 14.0 532,000 .73 388,000 29 1,000 24.0 24,000 .6b 16,000 13,000 13.0 160,000 .85 144,000 30 1,000 23.0 23,000 .80 1S.OO0 8,000 11. 88,000 .92 81,000 31 2,000 12.0 24,000 1.20 29,000 32 33 5,000 30.0 150,000 .90 135,000 4,000 11.5 46,000 1.03 47,000 34 35 32,000 30.0 960,000 .54 518,000 4,000 13.7 55,000 .81 45,000 36 2,000 12.0 24,000 .98 24,000 37 52,000 28.0 1,456,000 .62 903,000 4,000 ?0.0 80,000 .68 54,000 38 4,000 30.0 120,000 .67 80,000 1,000 18.5 18,000 .81 15,000 39 27.000 32.0 864,000 .60 518,000 5,000 14.0 70,000 .67 47,000 40 1,000 25.0 36.0 36.0 25,000 1,224,000 463, 000 .80 .90 .60 20.000 1,102,000 281,000 41 34,000 3,000 "Tes 42 13,000 18.5 56,000 38,000 43 9,000 40.0 33.0 380,000 a,145,OO0 .70 .50 252,000 1,072.000 44 65.000 4.000 20.0 80,000 .66 53.000 45 186.000 29.0 5,394,000 .57 3. 075. 000 6.000 20.^ 123.000 .80 109,000 46 64,000 31.5 ?.oifi.ooo .68 1,250,000 15,000 15.1 226.000 1.00 226,000 47 1,400.000 31.0 43,400,000 ■» 23,870,000 58,000 17.0 986,000 .86 848,000 4tf 7,257,000 22.4 162,227,000 5.57= f 93.785,000 2.028.000 16.? 33,039,000 =.722 S 23,840,000 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI State or Territory- Oats u s 3 2 Acreage D (-. o u » a 2 Produc- tion o 0) 4)_H a Co - 3 g*a +- CO O > Eh 1 Maine 23,000 2,000 8,000 3,000 32.5 31.0 24.0 22.0 74S.00O 62,000 192,000 66,000 $.68 .62 .70 .85 $ 509,000 38,000 134,000 56,000 3 a 4 Massachusetts Rhode Island . 6 3,000 313,000 13,000 290,000 2,000 9,000 21,000 25,000 5,000 19.5 23.0 21.5 19.5 20.5 IS. 5 18.0 23.0 19.0 58,000 7,199,000 280,000 5,655,000 41,000 166,000 37,0S00 575,000 95,000 .83 .65 .69 .62 .65 .66 .77 .77 .80 48,000 4,679,000 193,000 3,506,000 27,000 110,000 7 '8 New York .... ft Pennsylvania - . - . ._ 10 Delaware - ._. _. . 11 Marvland .. . 12 13 West Virginia ._ __ .. 443,000 76,000 14 15 North Carolina South Carolina - ---____ lo Georgia .. . Florida Ohio . Indiana __ __ ___ .. 17 18 If) 14,000 5,000 4,000 55,000 14,000 4,000 8,000 2,000 18.0 17.7 20.0 15.3 14.0 16.0 14.9 16.5 253,000 88,000 80,000 842,000 196,000 64,000 119,000 33,000 .75 .70 .90 .62 .75 .72 .83 .87 189,000 62,000 72,000 522,000 147,000 46,000 99,000 29,000 20 ?1 Illinois . . ?? n ?4 25 26 North Dakota ------- South Dakota ._ 2V W 1,000 1,000 2O.0 15.0 20,000 15,000 .90 .90 13.000 14,000 99 Kansas _________ 30 Kentucky ___ _ SI Tennessee „ . 1,000 15.0 15,000 .S6 13.000 32 Alabama 33 Mississippi 34 Louisiana - 35 Texas 36 Oklahoma . ... 37 Arkansas _ 33 Montana -- _ _. Wyoming . Colorado 39 40 41 New Mexico 42! Arizona - 43 Utah . . -_ ... 44 Nevada ._ - - 45 Idaho __ -_ 46 Washington 47 Oregon . _ _ _ 48 California .. United States __ _ _ 826, OOC 20.9 17,2.39,000 $.657 $11,321,000 *Statisties by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 80, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page 86 of this year book. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 65 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1910.— Con. Flaxseed Rice Acreage o o a u o B 2 Produc- tion o O m creage 4) M U a u a 2 Produc- tion 6 V s £3 0. d ~ 3 O > B 3 $.75 .75 .75 .72 $ 20,000 263,000 66,000 14,000 1 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 ! 1 | | j || j 1 1 j 1 ( i i i i i i i i i i i 1,000 17,000 4,000 900 26.5 21.0 27,000 357,000 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IS 14 — - 21.0 19,000 17 18 19 20 18,000 472,000 16,000 20,000 1,605,000 660,000 10.0 7.5 12.2 8.4 3.6 5.0 180,000 3,540,000 195,000 168,000 5,778,000 3,300,000 80,000 410,000 $2.20 2.30 2.20 2.10 2.35 2.29 2.25 2.10 396,000 8,142,000 429,000 353,000 13,578,000 7,557,000 180,000 861, 000 22 23 24 25 26 97 10,000 8.0 28 50,000, 8.2 29 1,000 2,800 371 .200 •264,800 25.0 30.0 3 1 . 4 33.0 25,000 84,000 12.769,000 S,73S,000 .70 .70 .67 .6? 18,000 8. 555. H 1 127,000 21,000 29,000 35,000 6,000 35,000 438,000 95,000 320,000 10,000 36,000 67,000 41,000 26,000 10,000 10,000 6,000 183,000 92,000 169,000 335,000 260,000 165,000 170,000 • 92,000 35,000 55,000 110,000 88,000 41,000 30,000 18,000 9,000 20,000 , 60,000 26,000 31,000 25,000 11,000 65,000 2,000 220 150 130 125 136 125 102 105 8S 103 95 98 92 89 90 82 90 82 84 75 105 95 61 72 86 41 44 60 57 92 80 80 85 55 51 60 84 120 100 100 47 27,940,000 3,150,000 3,770,000 4,375,000 816,000 4,375,000 44,676,000 9,975,000 28,160,000 1,030,000 3,420,000 6,566,000 3,772,000 2,314,000 900,000 820,000 540,000 14,924,000 7,728,000 12,675,000 35,175,000 24,700,000 10,065,000 12,240,000 7,912,000 1,435,000 2,420,000 6,600,000 5,016,000 3,772,000 2,400,000 1,440,000 765,000 1,100,000 3,060,000 1,560,000 2,604,000 3,000,000 1,100,000 6,500,000 94,000 $.42 .52 .45 .70 .69 .70 .48 .65 .52 .60 .54 .58 .67 .73 1.05 1.05 1.00 .51 .50 .59 .31 .38 .64 .60 .68 .91 .85 .84 .90 .62 .65 .94 .94 .90 1.10 1.00 .85 .85 .82 .55 1.04 $11,735,000 1,638,000 3 1,696,000 4 5 6 7 8 9 Massachusetts Connecticut — New York 3,052,000 563,000 3,062,000 21,444,000 6,484,000 14,643,000 10 11 12 13 Delaware - - 618,000 1,847,000 3,803,030 2,527,000 14 1,689,000 15 945,000 16 861,000 17 18 19 Florida Ohio 540,000 7,611,000 3,864,030 20 7,478,030 21 22 10,904,000 9,386,000 23 6,442,000 24 7,344,000 •>5 5,380,000 26 1,306,000 27 South Dakota 2,057,000 28 29 Nebraska — — 5,544,000 4,514,000 30 2,339,000 31 1, 510,000 32 1,354,000 33 719,000 34 990,000 35 3,366,000 36 1,560,000 37 2,213,000 38 2,530,000 39 902,000 40 41 Colorado 3,575,000 98,000 42 43 Utah 15,000 4,000 24,000 39,000 44,000 62,000 142 150 142 131 105 130 2,13O,0OC 600,000 3,408,000 5,109,000 4,620,000 8,060,000 .59 .80 .65 .73 .70 .85 1,257,000 44 480,000 45 2,215,000 46 47 3,730,000 3,234,000 48 6,851 ,000 United states . 3,591,000 94.4 338,Sll,O00 $.555 $187,985,000 •Statistics by counties, showing acreage, average yield and total yield of Iowa farm crops, compiled by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, from reports re- ceived, as required by Chapter 86, section 1, Acts of the Thirty-third General As- sembly will be found in part 3, page of this year book. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II 67 PAL FARM (KiiI'S OF Til K UNITED STATES IN 1910.— Con. Hay Tobacco Acreage o u CJ a u V a Produc- tion a O u a a a> Acreage m u o C3 U 03 a Produc- tion o 0) £2 farm e Dec 1 u 0) 2 0J OJ 2 "3 - P. - 3 — 03 O > a 3 ,p* a, h > Ph t- z 1,400,000 1.25 1,750,000 $12.80 $ 22,400,000 1 610,000 1.20 768,000 15.80 12,134,000 100 1,720 172,000 $.15 $ 25,800 2 930,000 1.35 1,236,000 12.40 15,574,000 200 1,600 320,000 .145 46,400 a ajo.ooo 1.28 755,000 19.10 14,420,000 4,400 1,730 7,612,000 .15 1,141,800 4 63,000 1.18 1.35 74,000 662,000 19.60 19.00 1,450,000 12,578,000 k 490,000 13,400 1,730 23,182,000 .165 3,825,030 6 4,811,000 1.32 6,351,000 13.70 87,009,000 5,900 1,250 7,375,000 .085 626,875 7 437,000 1.50 1.38 656,000 4,433,000 18.20 15.00 11,9K>,000 66,495,000 R 3,212,000 33,000 1,500 49,500,000 .093 4,603,500 9 77,000 1.43 1.35 110,000 393,000 14.80 15.40 1,628,000 6,052,000 10 291,000 28,500 690 19,665,000 .077 1,514,20."> 11 475,000 1.19 565,000 14.50 8,192,000 160,000 780 121,800,000 .09 11,232,000 12 675,000 1.20 810,000 15.00 12,150,000 20,000 640 12,800,000 .103 1,318,400 13 175,000 1.50 262,000 14.60 3,825,000 21(1,000 600 129,600,000 .106 13,737,600 14 67,000 1.25 84,000 16.00 1,344,000 30,000 630 18,900,000 .086 1,625,400 15 87,000 1.40 122,000 16.40 2,001,000 1,600 680 1,088,000 .29 217,600 16 19,000 1.33 25,000 17.00 425,000 3,500 680 2,380,000 .23 .547,400 17 2,840,000 1.39 3,948,000 12.50 49,350,000 92,700 810 75.087,000 .085 6,382,395 18 2,100,000 1.30 2,730,000 11.90 32,487,000 27,000 880 23,760,000 .095 2,257,200 19 2,795,000 1.33 3,717,000 12.00 44,604,000 1,600 790 1.264,000 .095 120,080 20 2,592,000 1.30 1.00 3,370,000 2,260,000 13.60 15.10 45,a32,00» 34,126,000 21 2,2(10.000 30,200 1,050 31,710,000 .075 2,373,250 22 908.000 1.00 1.05 1.30 908,000 3,780,000 3,510,000 9.10 9.60 9.20 8,263,000 36,283,000 32,292,000 9? 3,600,000 21 2,700,000 7,500 1,050 7,875,000 .12 945,000 25 1SS,000 .55 .80 1.00 1.15 1.29 103,000 408,000 1,500,000 2,061,000 645,000 7.60 7.10 8.90 7.80 13.10 783,000 2,897,000 13,350,000 16,076.000 8,450,000 OR 510,000 °7 1,500,000 9<3 1,792,000 29 500,000 470,400 RIO SSI, 021,000 .0^7 33,149,088 30 455,000 1.40 637,000 13.40 8,536,000 85,000 7160 64,600.000 .081 5,426.400 31 120.000 1.43 172,000 13.20 2,270,000 600 500 300,000 .20 60,000 32 100,000 1.42 142,000 12.20 1,732,000 100 550 55,000 .20 11,000 33 25.000 1.75 44,000 11.50 503,000 500 550 275,000 ,25 68.7"0 31 618,000 1.15 711,000 12.00 8,532,000 700 600 420,000 .26 105,000 35 900,000 1.05 1.35 945,000 284,000 8.40 11.00 7,938,000 3,124,000 36 210,000 900 6.50 585,000 .16 93,600 37 600.000 1.40 840,000 12.50 10,500,000 38 300,000 2.40 2.00 720,000 1,400,000 12.50 10.80 9,000.000 15,120,000 39 700,000 40 194,000 2.10 407,000 11.50 4,680,000 41 116,000 2.10 244,000 13.00 3,172,000 49 380,000 3. CO 1,140,000 9.00 10,260,000 43 231,000 3.40 7S5.000 10.80 8,478,000 44 491,000 3.00 2.10 1,473,000 815,000 9.00 15.70 13,257,000 12.796,000 45 388,000 46 439,000 2.10 922,000 12.10 11,1.56,000 47 700.000 1.83 1,281,000 9.60 12,218,000 48 45,691,000 1.3? 60,978,000 $12.26 $747,769,000 1,233,800 797.8 984,349,000 $.093 $ 91,458,773 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS. (Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agriculture, except where otherwise credited. All prices on gold basis.) CORN. Corn crop of countries named, 1905-1909. Country 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bush 1908 Viehels 1909 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: Ontario Quebec . Mexico 2,707,994,000 20,923,000 86,514,000 2,927,416,000 23,989,000 110,065,000 2,592,320,000 21,899,000 1,377,000 100,000,000 2,668,651,000 21,742,000 1,126,000 100,000,000 2,772,376,000 18,211,000 1,047,000 100,000,000 Total 2,815,461 000 Is o«i j.~n oon 2,715,596,000 71,768,000 1,500,000 5,359,000 2,791,519,000 136,055,000 1,218,000 6,000,000 2,891,634,000 177,155,000 1,178,000 6,671,000 SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina Chile Uruguay . 140,708,000 1,244,000 4,417,000 194,912,000 846,000 3,226,000 Total. 146,369,000 17,293,000 94,045,000 18,385,000 9,584,000 198,984,000 18,177,000 162,925,000 20,470,003 8,900,000 78,627,000 16,599,000 155,619,000 17,934,000 6,468,000 143,273,000 | 185,004,000 15,170,000 16,102,000 146,124,000 161,858,000 20,536,000 21,752,000 8,821,000 10,972,000 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Bulgaria 139,307,000 18,141,000 24,030.000 97,266,000 15,000,000 59,275,000 22,533,000 210,472,000 27,780,000 14,581,000 93,007,000 15,000,000 130,546,000 59,320,000 196,620,000 14,080,000 24,027,000 88,513,000 15.000.000 57,576,000 41.903,000 1,000 8.S6O.0OO 190,651,000 20,717,000 55.974,000 95,953.000 15.000.000 78,892,000 49,663,000 210,6S4,000 20,472,000 France ... _. Italy 26,075,000 99,289,000 Portugal . — . 15,000,000 Roumania __. 70,138,000 Russia : Russia proper - 29,223,000 Poland . Northern Caucasia 10,798,000 11,181,000 11,449,000 10,375,000 Total Russia (Euro- pean) _. 33,331,000 21,431.000 31,880,000 70,501,000 27,786,000 18,714,000 50,764,000 17.001.000 25,372,000 61,112,000 21.010.000 20.115,000 39,598,000 27. 55', 000 Spain ?_____ 26.433,000 Total 435,661,000 400.000 30,000,000 320.000 20,000.000 608,387,000 541.000 30,000.000 300,000 20,000.000 4S0. 643,000 402.000 35.000.000 300,000 20,000,000 529,424,000 06,000 30,000.0^0 300.000 20,000,000 535,247,000 AFRICA. 807,000 Egypt Sudan CAns-lo-Eiryptian)— Union of South Africa 30,000.000 300.000 20.000.000 Total 50,810,000 2,623,000 3,107.000 50,844,000 2,233,000 5.714.000 55,702,000 3,820.000 ".'45,000 50,726,000 3.101.000 4,671,000 51,107,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia : Ouoonslanrt . 2.855.000 Now South Wales 5,330,000 ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II CORN-Continued 09 Country 1905 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels Victoria Western Australia 643,000 1,000 661,000 1,000 727,000 1,000 525,000 1,000 671,000 2,000 Total 8,374,000 8,609,000 10,493,000 8,388,000 8,908,000 New Zealand 506,000 653,000 419,000 519,000 736,000 Total Australasia 8,880,000 9,262,000 10,912,000 8,907,000 9,644,000 Grand Total 3,461,181,000 3,928,947,000 3,350,480,000 3,523,849,000 3,672,636,000 WHEAT. Wheat crop of countries named, 1906-1910. Country 1906 Bushels 1907 eh 1908 1909 Bushels Bushels 1910 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. 735,261,000 407,000 22,109,000 61,2.50,000 37,040,000 3,966,000 3,000,000 634,087,000 411,000 IS, 019,000 39,688,000 27,692,000 4,194,000 2,687,000 064,602,000 319,000 18,057,000 50,269,000 34,742,000 6,842,000 2,175,000 737,1S9,000 395,000 16,262,000 52,705,000 85,197,000 9,579,000 2,605,000 695,443,000 371,000 17,SO5,OO0 41,159,000 81,139,000 6,593,000 2,923,000 Canada: Other 127,772,000 12,SC2,000 92,691,000 10,000,000 112,434,000 10,030,000 165,744,000 10,000,000 149,990,000 10,000,000 Total 875,805,000 134,931,000 12,157,000 4,606,000 736, 778,000 155,993,000 15,776,000 6,867,000 787,036,000 192,489,000 18,'' . 7,430,000 913,933,000 156,162,000 17,743,000 8,595,000 855,433,000 131,010,000 19,743,000 9,000,000 SOUTH AMERICA. Chile - - Total -. 151,694,000 53.2.55,000 197,409,000 10, 351 -,000 2.693,000 178,636,000 52.369,000 120,509,000 10,170,000 2, 169,000 218,885,000 62,129,000 152,20.5,000 13,220,000 3,023,000 182,500,000 58,46S,000 113,352,000 11,662,000 2,594,000 159,753,000 57,5S9,000 181,145,000 13,489,000 2,939,000 EUROPE. An stria -Hungary: Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Belsrinm ... 268,708,000 12,964,000 39.109,000 4,161,000 151,000 324.919,000 144, 75 1,000 8,000,000 176,464,000 200,000 4,942,000 3O.T.O.0O o.ono.ooo 113,867,000 344,705,009 21,152.000 85,046,000 185,217,000 15,835,000 23,545,600 4,343,000 140,000 376,900.000 137,843,000 8,000,000 177,1 543. 000 200,000 5,325,000 290.000 6,000,000 42.257,000 310,416,000 IS. 173, 000 7n,lS4,0O0 230,577,000 13,393.000 36. 496,000 4,313,000 135,000 317,76.5,000 138,442.000 8,000,000 152,236,000 200,000 5,121.000 333,000 5,000,000 54,813,000 .OS"?. 01 6, 000 21.1S2.0OO 84,96(,0OO 186,076,000 15,-506,000 32, on. 000 3,829,000 135.000 356,193.000 138,000.000 7,000,000 _89, 960,000 200,000 4.15S.0OO 313,000 5,000.000 56,751,000 .-C6.C19.000 21,194,000 103,465,000 255,162,000 14,000,000 49,126,000 4 737 000 Denmark _ __ ._ Finland . ___________ 135 000 EVance 268," 141 881 000 Germany *__ Greece - _ Italy Montenecrro . _ 7,000,000 153,337,000 200 000 Netherlands Norway Portugal 4,324,000 294.000 6,000.000 110,761,000 Roumania Russia: Russia proper 1__ Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- pean') 450,963,000 437.773.000 489,162,000 711,473,000 609,413,000 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEAT— Continued Country 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels 1910 Bushels Servia Spain _. Sweden Switzerland Turkey (European) United Kingdom: Great Britain— England Scotland Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total ASIA. British India, including such native states as re port Cyprus Japanese Empire: Japan Formosa 13,211,000 140,656,000 6,650,000 4,000,000 25,000,000 57,583,000 2,033,000 1,308,000 1,575,000 62,529,000 1,810,551,000 319,952,000 2,410,000 20,283,000 178,000 Total Japanese Empire Persia Russia: Central Asia - Siberia Transcaucasia Total Russia (Asiatic) AFRICA. Algeria Egypt Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian).. Tunis Union of South Africa Total I AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales Victoria South Australia Western Australia Tasmania — Total Australia . New Zealand ... Total Australasia. Grand total 8,375,000 100,331,000 6,279,000 4,000,000 18,000,000 53,855,000 1,953,000 1,138,000 1,367,000 5S,313,000 11,495,000 119,970,000 6,756,000 3,527,000 20,000,000 51,371,000 1,854,000 966,000 1,438,000 55,629,000 1,606,608,000 1,673,368,000 317,023,000 227,983,000 284,361,000 2,636,000 2,601,000 2,600,000 20,461,000 16,000,000 11,486,000 45,833,000 108,000 34,323,000 25,000,000 542,000 4,906,000 2,500,000 67,271,000 1,173,000 21,391,000 24,1.56,000 20,778,000 2,381,000 801,000 70,680,000 7,013,000 22,932,000 200,000 23,132,000 16,000,000 27,085,000 45,771,000 63,000 13,962,000 144,105,000 6,978,000 3,568,000 20,000,000 60,121,000 2,111,000 1,147,000 1,809,000 65,lSS,O0O 1,960,470,000 22,587,000 200,000 22,787,000 16,000,000 21,416,000 55,755,000 66,000 72,919,000 31,261,000 25,000,000 500,000 6,314,000 2,500,000 65,575,000 1,144,000 22,506,000 23,331,000 18,017,000 2,845,000 672,000 68,515,000 5,7S2,000 77,693,000 3, 454, 354,000 74,297,000 3,128,604,000 77,237,000 20,739,000 25,000,000 500,000 2,838,000 2,500,000 60,577,000 715,000 9,444.000 12,4812,000 19,739,000 3,018,000 665,000 23,010,000 200,000 23,210,000 16,000,000 26,429,000 45,269,000 94,000 10,000,000 137,418,000 7,450,000 3,417,000 19,462,000 55,067,000 2,088,000 1,146,000 1,716,000 60,017,000 1,952,531,000 357,941,000 2,600,000 20,129,000 200,000 71,792,000 34,769,000 25,000,000 .500.000 6,430,000 2, .500,000 46,063,000 5,743,000 51,806,000 3,173,281,000 69,199,000 1,211,000 15,971.000 24,082,000 20,009,000 2,535,000 825,000 64,663,000 9,049,000 73,712,000 3,632,777,000 29,329,000 16,000,000 70,2S2,OOO 39,374,000 25,000.000 500,000 5,512,000 2,500,000 72,886,000 1,621,000 20.431.000 29,687,000 25,926.000 5,779,000 819,000 93,263,000 8,934,000 102,197,000 3,650,952,000 ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 71 OATS. Out crop of countries named, 1900-1910. Country 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Buahels 1910 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan .. Alberta Other Total Canada Mexico Total EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovnia Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Finland, France Germany ... Italy Netherlands Norway Roumania . Russia: Russia proper Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia pean) (Euro- Servla Spain . Sweden United Kingdom: Great Britain- England Scotland Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total ASIA. Cyprus Russia: Central Asia Siberia Transcaucasia Total Russia (Asiatic) Total _ 964,905,000 6,052,000 115,113,000 53,861,000 25,463,000 13,958,000 45,687,000 260,134,000 17,000 1,225,056,000 154,551,000 87,733,000 5,541,000 3,543,000 754,443,000 0,107,000 88,745,000 44,775,000 24,773,000 9,826,000 51,981,000 229,217,000 17,000 983,677,000 170,605,000 79,484,000 4,174,000 2,575,000 251,368,000 45,228,000 11,884,000 38,726,000 19,612,000 256,943,000 580,875,000 30,000,000 19,588,000 9,297,000 26,165,000 514,933,000 66,425,000 21,933,000 633,291,000 4,642,000 28,077,000 64,550,000 S4, 102, 000 35,108.000 8,063,000 53,111,030 150,384,000 2,200,630,000 9,805,000 69,873,000 35,000 79,713,000 80,072.000 256,S38,000 45,937,000 7,416,000 42,529,000 20,643,000 303,889,000 630,324,000 30,000,000 20,933,000 6,946,000 17,842,000 729,813,000 72,574,000 19,697,000 822,084,000 2,9S4,O0O 16,998,000 64,597,000 94,606,000 36,193,000 7,829,000 50,850,003 807,156,000 5,373,000 110,310,000 47,506,000 31,030,000 24,227,000 47,580,000 266,026,000 17,000 1,073,199,000 144,069,000 70,16S,000 4,253,000 3,572,000 222,002,000 43,053,000 11,252,000 40,437,000 19,000,000 2&5.S37.000 530,131,000 30,000,000 19,683,000 11,315,000 17,212,000 743,523,000 66,135,000 24,860,000 834,518,000 3,057,000 28,114,000 72,773,000 82.470,000 37,920,000 7,133,000 54,032,000 1S9,478,000 2,479,438,000 331,000 18.049,000 67,114,000 13,000 181,555,000 2,350,004,000 410,000 17,371,000 89,500,000 27,000 85,176,000 I 106,S98,000 S5, 507,000 I 107,308,000 1,007,353,000 1,126,765,000 6,130,000 116/017,000 58,721,000 97,533,000 40,775,000 56,376,000 375,558,000 17,000 1,382,928,000 171,940,000 92,270,000 5,607,000 4,575,000 274,392,000 40,000,000 9,356,000 42,170,000 18,000,000 331,183,000 028,718,000 43,402,000 19,301,000 8,804,000 25,945,000 960,498,000 '73,758,000 33,428,000 1,067,684,000 3,445,000 34,307,000 69,292,000 80,573,000 39,097,000 7,233,000 57,467,000 6,748,000 136,974,000 44,351,000 65,203,000 25,122,000 65,267,000 343,665,000 17,000 1,470,447,000 142,001,000 74,681,000 5,445,000 4,478,000 226,605,000 30,000,000 13,193,000 40,663,000 19,452,000 315,133,000 544,287,000 28,574,000 20,357,000 10,488,000 29,647,000 184,370,000 3,300,429,000 400,000 15,633,000 62,033,000 37,000 77,703,000 78,103,000 966,243,000 2,205,000 29,018,000 75,238,000 81,501,000 38,194,000 8,084,000 65,770,000 193,519,000 2,544,657,000 400,000 79,743,000 80,143,000 72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OATS— Continued Country 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels 1910 Bushels AFRICA. Algeria - Tunis Union of South Africa 9,379,000 2,411,000 3,500,000 10,651,000 3,149,000 3,500,000 9,600,000 1,736,000 3,500,000 10,673,000 5,443,000 3,500,000 13,258,000 5,374,000 3,500,000 Total AUSTRALASIA. Australia: 15,290,000 6,000 911,000 T, 460, 000 897,000 293,000 1,238,000 17,300,000 30,000 1,449,000 9,124,000 924,000 472,000 3,042,000 14,836,000 10,000 879,000 5,365,000 902,000 745,000 1,574,000 19,616,000 40,000 1,154,000 11,475,000 1,320,000 765,000 1,900,000 22,132,000 52,000 New South. Wales 2,009,000 8,163,000 1,247,000 Western Australia 1,287,000 2,422,000 Total Australia New Zealand . 10,805,000 13,108,000 14,041,000 11,555,000 9,475,000 15,495,000 16,654,000 19,503,000 15,180,000 13,953,000 Total Australasia 23,913,000 25,596,000 24,970,000 36,157,000 29,133,000 Grand Total 3,544,961,000 3,591,518,000 3,570,317,000 4,317,233,000 4,146,512,000 BARLEY. Barley crop of countries named, 1906-1910. NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta Other Total Canada Mexico Total EUROPE. Austria -Hungary : Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina - Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Roumania 17S, 916,000 99,000 25,253,000 17,533,000 1,316,000 2,158,000 3,000,000 49,359,000' 7,615,000 235,890,000 76.024,000 69,747,000 2,758,000 3,276,000 151,805,000 4.349. K,008. J9.975, 5,376. 36,53S. 142,901. 8,000. 3,280, 3,262 33,539 153,597,000 97,000 21,718,000 16,753,000 1,350,000 1,083,000 3,341,000 44,342,000 7,000,000 204,939,030 78,555,000 63,078.000 2,064,000 2,38S,000 146,085,000 5,129 6,772 21,616 5,124 43,043 160,650 8,000 4,091 2,597 20,062 000 000 000 ooo 000 000 ,000 000 ,000 ,000 166,756,000 79,000 21,124,000 17,093,000 1,952,000 3,881,000 2,633,000 46,762,000 7,000,000 220,518,000 69,497,000 56,324,000 2,552,000 2,389,000 130,762,000 4,409,000 11,311,000 20,166.000 6.000,000 40,673,000 140,539,000 9. 000. 000 3,953,000 3,028,000 12,873,000 170,284,000 94,000 20,952,000 20,866,000 4,493,000 5,999,000 2,994,000 55,398,000 7,000,000 232,682,000 79 1 , 368, 000 71,868,000 2,394,000 3,755,000 157,385,000 5,000.000 9,322,000 21,599,000 5,000,000 46,144,000 160,552,000 10,951,000 3,332.000 2.596,000 19,955,000 162,227,000 73,000 20,727,000 13,826,000 3,598,000 3,953,000 2,971,000 45,148,000 7,000,000 214,375,000 67,618,000 55,758,000 2,732,000 3,445,000 129,553,000 4,000,000 15,754,000 21,713,000 4,775,000 44,538,000 133,330,000 9,4S3,000 3,383,000 2,900,000 29,359,000 ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II BARLEY-Continued 73 Country 1906 Bushels 19J7 Buanels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels 1910 •Bdbhels Russia: ■.Mll.CI'l.rcr] 23,351,000 37,306,000 277,500,000 25,395,000 41,206,000 297,449,000 23,790,000 46,219,000 362,163,000 26,671,000 55,900,000 Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- Servia . 304,270,000 4,848,000 90,264,000 14,328,000 51,543,000 7,803,000 3,116,000 7,144,000 341,101,000 3,137,000 53,598,000 12,811,000 51,926,000 7,466,000 2,881,000 6,934,000 367,458,000 3,351,000 69,596,000 15,520,000 46,353,000 7,410,000 2,6S2,00O 7,064,000 464,734,000 3,123,000 81,579,000 13,900', COO 52,323,000 7,731,000 2,804,000 8,258,000 448,832,000 2,067,000 76,308,000 14,763,000 50,245,000 6,854,000 2,937,000 6,846,000 United Kingdom: Gro.it Bri tain- England Scotland Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom 69,606,000 69,207,000 63,509,000 71,116,000 66,SS2,000 Total 904,335,000 2,778,000 83,968,000 49,000 906,023,000 2,963,000 90,544,000 50,000 902,148,000 2,420,000 87,138,000 50,000 1,076,283,000 2,500,000 87,167,000 50,000 1,007,634,000 ASIA. Cyprus . Japanese Empire: Japan 2,500,000 88,000,000 50,000 Total Japanese Empire Russia: Central Asia 84,017,000 2,613,000 5,136,000 13,000 90,594,000 4,385,000 4,957,000 4,000 87,188,000 4,266,000 6,103,000 13,000 87,217,000 4,009,000 4,775,000 10,000 88,050,000 Transcaucasia ___ Total Russia (Asiatic) 7,762,000 9,346,000 10,382,000 8,884,000 10,160,000 Total _ 94,557,000 47,600,000 334,000 7,863,000 3,000,000 102,903.000 41,543,000 300,000 9.506,000 3,000,000 99,990,000 31,511,000 300,000 5,057,000 3,000,000 98,601,000 50,008,000 300,000 9,186,000 3,000,000 100,710,000 AFRICA. Algeria Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian).. Tunis . .. 48,708.000 300,000 0,660,000 Union of South Africa 3,000,000 Total 58,797,000 64,000 115,000 1,095,000 522,000 51,000 97,000 54,349,000 163,000 158.000 1,295,000 507.000 50.000 146,000 39,868,000 67,000 77,000 1,003,000 585,000 79,000 154,000 62,494,000 142,000 172,000 1,716.000 552,000 77,000 190,000 58,668,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland ... 200,000 New South Wales 281,000 1,056,000 713,000 Western Australia Tasmania ._ .. 105,000 153,000 Total Australia New Zealand . .. 1,944,000 1,056,000 2,319,000 1,068,000 2,055,000 1,200,000 3,139,000 2,000,000 2,513,000 1,345,000 Total Australasia 3,000.000 3,387,000 3,255,000 5,139,000 3,858,000 Oranrt total ._ ... . 1,296,579,000 1,271,601,000 1,265,799,000 1,475,204,000 1,385,245,000 a Exclusive of winter barley. 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE o RYE. Rye crop of countries named, 1906-1910. Country 1906 Bushels NORTH AMERICA United States Canada: Ontario — Manitoba Other Total Canada Mexico Total EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina . Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria ___ Denmark -- Finland _____ Prance Germany ___ Italy Netherlands Norway Roumania _- Russia: Russia proper Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia pean) (Euro Servia -- Spain Sweden United Kingdom- Total _ .__. ASIA. Russia: Central Asia _. Siberia Transcaucasia - Total Russia (Asiatic) AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales- Victoria "Western Australia Tasmania — Total Australia Grand total ___ 33,375,000 1,327,000 101,000 500,000 1,928,000 70,000 35,373,000 99,246,000 51,962,000 1,918,000 388,000 133,514,000 20,569,000 7,538,000 18,828,000 11,927,000 50,429,000 378,94S,000 5,000,000 13,938,000 963,000 8,900,003 555,698,000 74,100,000 8,877,000 638,675,000 1,560,000 30,018,000 25,915,000 2,073,000 1,360,695,000 404.001 27,752,000 13,000 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 31,566,000 1,039,000 84,000 371,000 1,494,030 70,000 33,130,000 86,452,000 39,445,000 2,136,000 271,000 12S, 304,000 23,484,000 3,883,000 15,893,000 11,032,000 55,896,000 334,150,000 5,000,000 14,483,000 823,000 Z, 554, 000 693,257,000 74,127,000 6,807,000 23,160,000 1,000 50,000 80,000 4,000 8,000 153,000 1,433,305.000 774,191,000 911,000 27,027,000 22,001,000 1,895,000 1,471,527,000 993,000 32,931.000 12,000 185,000 31,851,000 1,030,000 101,000 580,000 1,711,000 70,000 33,632,000 113,309,000 45,185,000 2,520,000 298,000 1909 Bushels 1910 Bushels 33,239,000 1,007,000 75,000 543,000 1,715,000 70,000 33,039,000 923,000 93,000 528,000 1,544,000 70,000 34,024,000 114,433,000 44,858,000 2,393,000 368,000 34,653,000 108,939,000 54,721,000 2,318,000 394,000 161,312,000 22,199,000 5,604,000 19,170,000 12,000,000 51,703,000 422,692,000 5,000,000 15,866,000 869,000 2,640,000 673,736,000 77,954,000 6,993,000 758,683,000 974,000 26,412,000 26,052,000 1,776,000 1,532,952,000 564,000 22,775,000 9,000 23,348,000 1,000 56,000 22,000 5,000 15,000 172,000 1,538,773.000 1,590.104,000 162,052,000 22,000,000 6,906,000 18,922,000 11,000,000 54,934,000 446,767,000 5,032,000 17,652,000 1,011,000 3,090,000 7S3,055,000 86,775,000 7,335,000 877,165,000 1,024,000 34,901,000 25,728,000 1,954,000 l,690,13S,O00 1,498,000 18,152,000 18,000 19,668,000 1,000 51,000 33,000 4,000 13,000 201,000 1,744.031,000 166,372,000 21,000,000 11,724,000 19,740,000 8,982,000 48,212,000 413,802,000 5,439,000 14,817,030 896,000 7,885,000 843,699,030 768,000 27,596,000 24,154,000 2,000,000 1,617,066,000 23,927,000 3,000 66, OOO 35.000 10,000 18,000 232,000 1,675. sos. noo ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 75 POTATOES. Potato crop of countries named, 1005-1909. (No statistics for Portugal, Egypt and some other less important potato-growing countries.) Country 1005 Bushels 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels NORTH AMERICA. United States (contiguous) Canada: Prince Edward Island.. Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan I Alberta j Other Total Canada Mexico Newfoundland b Total SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina Chile Total EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Luxemburg Malta Netherlands Norway Roumania 260,711,000 (a) (a) 5,693,000 (a') 11,819,000 2,901,000 2,844,000 629,000,000 55,257,000 469,000 1,350,000 317,817,000 (710,000,000 6,532,000 308,03S,000 (a (a) 5,522,000 (a) 15,494, OOO 4,281,000 5,. 507,000 629,000,0010 59,804,000 370,116,000 (f 10,000,000 / 6,532, 000 16,532,000 581,822,000 168,225,000 12,589,000 2,485,000 765,121,000 57,159,000 300,000 29,951,000 20,704,000 523,876,000 1,775,579,000 i 550,000 £60,000,000 6,400,000 387,000 87,043,000 25,832,000 3,733,000 16,532,000 514,289,000 179,083,000 12,854,000 2,328,000 708,554,000 88,652,000 364,000 23,4.54,000 20,432,000 372,076,000 1,577,653,000 i 550,000 £60,000,000 6,491,000 378,000 95,503,000 20,995,000 4,636,000 298,262,000 5,453,000 8,294,000 5,183,000 22,911,000 20,908,000 4,150,000 2,706,000 2,632,000 72,237,000 C 921,000 1,350,000 372,773,000 dlO, 000,000 /6,532,000 16,532,000 538,789,000 178,168,000 25,625,000 2,949,000 745,531,000 88,192.000 300,000 24,005,000 18,765,000 512.229,000 1,673,246,000 i 5.50,000 £60,000,000 7,295,000 793,000 94,401,000 16,956,000 3,860,000 278,985,000 7,327,000 7,884,000 11,203,000 16,680,000 23,096,000 3,807,000 1,826,000 1,967,000 73,790,000 ! 924,000 1,350,000 355,019,000 (210, 000,000 S, 063, 000 18,033,000 475,860,000 139,469,000 21,129,000 J72,949,000 639,407,000 82,846,000 340,000 29,752,000 718,765,000 625,021,000 1,702,803,000 i 550,000 £60,000,000 5,878,000 692,000 96,695,000 28,030,000 4,310,000 376,537,000 6,761,000 9,098,000 12,247,000 30,853,000 29,465,000 4,118,000 3,944,000 2,599,000 99,085,000 C 924,000 1,350,000 477,896,000 d 10,000,000 6,404,000 16,401,000 479,616.000 183,521,000 021,129,000 7»2, 949,000 687,215,000 (782,840,000 323,000 24,326,000 h 18, 765,000 613,041,000 1,716,143,000 / 550,000 63,273,000 6,099,000 372,000 97,275,000 22,084,000 3,813,000 a Included in "other." 6 Estimated from returns of census year, 1900. e Data for 1906. d Data for 1908. e Census shows 19,000 hectares (16,949 acres) yielding (223 bushels per acre). /Data for 1905. g Year preceding. A Data for 1907. i Data for 1909. /Unofficial estimate. k Average production as unofficially estimated. 15,000 kilograms per hectare 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATOES-Continued Country 1906 Bushels 1907 Bushels 1908 Bushels 1909 Bushels 1910 Bushels EUEOPE— Cont. Russia: Russia proper 686,502,000 331,529,000 14,857,000 630,211,000 296,662,000 12,844,000 694,487,000' 327,689,000 11,932,000 682,454,000 366,433,000 11,248,000 764,943,000 396,023,000 Northern Caucasia 12,520,000 Total Russia (Euro- 1,032,883,000 1,232,000 084,000,000 74,819,000 & 47,000,000 140.474,000 127,793,000 939,717,000 1,709.000 084,000,000 63,829,000 5 47,000,000 128,005,000 99,328,000 1,034,108,000 876,000' 084,000,000 57,823,000 & 47,000,000 111,159,000 83,869,000 1,060,135,000 645,000 84,000,000 78,000,000 49,971,000 146,258,000 119,455,000 1,173,486,000 645,000 91,014,000 Sweden 61,981,000 44,092,000 United Kingdom: Great Britain ,—~ - Ireland .. ... - 137,237,000 119,572,000 Total Great Britain 268,267,000 277,333,000 195,028,000 265,713,000 256,809,000 Total - 4,864,844,000 16,255.000 18,885,000 4,348,416,000 18,691,000 16,481,000 4,664,958,000 20,310.000 17,076,000 4,833,573,000 21,174,000 22,588,000 4,964,152,006 ASIA. 021,174,000 18,753,000 Total 35,120,000 1,605,000 C 1,500. 000 466,000 e 618,000 35,172,000 1,684,000 Cl, 500,000 454,000 C 618,000 37,386,000 1,803,000 C 1,500. 000 444.000 .549,000 43,762,000 1,549,000 1.304,000 40.-.noo 519,000 39,927,000 AFRICA. 1,679,000 Union of South Africa: Cape of Good Hope Natal 0% 304, 000 392,000 410,000 Total Union of South 2,5S4,0OO 2,572,000 2,493.000 2,228.000 2,106,000 Total . 4,189,000 718,000 1,820,000 3,467.000 729.000 210,000 4,127,000 4,256,000 422,000 1,881,000 4,307,000 7.56,000 235,000 2,412,000 4,296,000 511. POO 4,9ss.nm 6,2<">.om 8?,2.ooo is^.ooo 6. 807. 000 3,777,000 492.000 9.0<56.000 5,041.000 756.000 212.000 5,431.000 3,785,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: 431.000 New South Wales ?.R" 3 rt S s> * £ cs a> W °> O bfl ° !» S* s~i S 5 sqjnoni .iaint m. 'diaq uijbj piBd aZvtfi xi muomaSBjaAV sqjuora JOUItUtl-. 'djaq uijbj piBd 9SJBA j£[ -qjnotn 88BJ3AV hub; no sons aaqcariK pajB-iaainaa asiAasqao joa sdoao at a8B3J0V cm o » to o ; « « " M ;- c k - (- r- c C « ft « w p it <;. 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CO *4&c£*$v4QbCQC5 r-Tob>OflC>© ?6 -jrtW'O cT en co c-^ c-> -r ic — T-^o t- cvTc co"e>c" C --^ t-TucTfrJ' t-T ^o * s m s ** fa -I l*i - - M — '--«-- 100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE * p a ft: X >j U m 1-1 ^ n >■ W w w R o cc F~ on rH o in a 0> 1 ^ t- V) «i W o en P u <-, w IX w 1 ^ o ;: § _n_j i* . .: . ■ " <" " '&' " ' " £<■■ *■ - - - :v a 2 * : ^ > $ > 3^ ^ - ^ •- J ■-■*--« v J ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 101 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 2^ fit * f""SH 2 « 8^ 2 V ' * So 3 i *'* o ^4 15 «\"i\ * ^ -. - —• r-- * r A u ! <■ I ^ * ^ § ^5 i C * ! Si i » all « < t;l s ? 5| m < 5J u-jf...._ J..JL.H u^i gv "V PART IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers Association HELD AT The Convention Room of the Savery Hotel, Des Moines. Iowa, on December 13, 1910 A joint meeting of the State Farmers' Institute and the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association was held in the convention room at the Savery Hotel, Tuesday, December 13, 1910. The convention was called to order by Mr. A. Sykes, president of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, and the following program given: Invocation Rev. Proudfit Address by the President of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association A. Sykes "Design and Contsruction of Farm Buildings" Prof. J. B. Davidson, Ames, la. Addres by Herbert W. Mumford, Professor of Animal Husbandry, Illi- nois State College "The Role of American Farmer" H. J. Waters President Kansas State College of Agriculture. "How the Grand Champion Steer at the International Live Stock Show was Fed" R. J. Kinzer Professor of Animal Husbandry, Kansas Agricultural College. Prayer was offered by Reverend Proudfit, of First United Pres- byterian church, Des Moines. "President Sykes delivered his annual address, as follows: 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Chairman, Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, and Friends: I wish to extend to you all a hearty welcome and to assure you that the officers of this asociation are much gratified to see so many of you here; and in addressing you I wish also to address the hundreds of our members over the state who are not permitted to be with us — and I often think that our members who do not attend these annual gatherings do not realize what they are missing. Many of the members who come here year after year tell me that they would not miss these annual meetings for anything; they say that from both a social and educational standpoint they are far more than repaid what it costs them. And they have come to look forward to them as a sort of reunion with friends and as an educational love-feast, and what I want, if possible, is to inspire many others to attend the next annual meeting, take part in the discussion, and assist in trans- acting the business of their association. This is an association of stock men and farmers, and it is their duty as well as their privilege to attend these meetings and have a voice and say who shall be their officers and how their association shall be conducted. If they fail to do this they should not criticise the work done by those who do attend. In presenting this, my fourth, and, I trust, my last annual report to the members of this association, I shall endeavor to be frank with you and give you the benefit not only of my observations but also those t)f others, because on retiring from the head of your association as president, I want my successor to have the benefit of all the information I can give him. After my election at the last annual meeting, I at once set about ar- ranging for the winter's campaign, with a view to buildiing up the asso- ciation. I had invitations from a number of our farmers' institutes to speak to the farmers on the work of the association, and we always had well-filled houses; and in this way we were able to spread the knowledge of the association among a large number of farmers with very gratifying success. And I would like to suggest that our members see to it at once that they arrange with the farmers' institute people for a joint session, as here is where you will secure the most satisfactory results. Then I also held a great many successful rally meetings when not engaged with the farmers' institutes. But on account of the great amount of corn left in the fields, we had to abandon holding meetings the last of February. This cut the winter's campaign very short, and yet it was very satisfactory, as the meetings on the whole were well attended by a loyal and enthusiastic lot of farmers. At the last annual meeting it was very apparent that there must be a change in the system of collecting dues and securing memberships to the association, as the local officers were getting very tired of going to the members year after year and asking them for their dues. On account of this situation and the great amount of work the association was doing, the officers were hampered for funds with which to meet the legitimate ex- penses. A number of plans were suggested and discussed, and finally the matter was turned over to the board of directors to work out. At the board meeting the different plans were discussed both pro and con, and disposed of by a motion being passed to turn the whole matter over the ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 105 the executive committee to work out a suitable plan for securing mem- berships and raising funds. The most feasible plan and the one finally- adopted by the committee was the five-year membership pledge, of cer- tificate, in which the member pledged himself to pay to the association a stated amount annually for five years. It was the sense of the committee that there should be an equalization of the dues, at least to some extent, between those members who are commonly called grain farmers and rent- ers and those members who are feeding and shipping live stock and re- ceiving the direct benefits from the work done by the association. So, proceeding on this theory, we decided to ask the stockmen to contribute $5.00 annually and the grain farmers $2.00. It was agreed that the only way this plan could be made a success was for the president, in company with a local officer, to call on the farmers and stockmen personally and solicit their membership pledges. So, accordingly, about the middle of May I started out to try out the new plan, and if possible put the associ- ation on a more permanent basis. At the close of the first week's canvass, I was convinced that the plan would prove a success, providing the local men would assist in the work, as where we had gone we found each class of farmers ready to contribute the amounts suggested to carry on the work. The facts are that the farm- ers have come to look on the association as a permanent fixture as well as a decided necessity, and they are willing to help sustain it. From the middle of May I have pushed the work whenever I could get the local men to assist me, and the results have been very satisfactory, and I have been able to secure a nice membership. And if the work is properly prosecuted in the future there will be no difficulty in raising funds to maintain the association. In the localities I canvassed under the new plan, I secured ninety per cent of the old members and added about twenty-five per cent new ones. Now as to what has been accomplished, I will say that the past year has been a very busy one, and the association has accomplished by far much greater results than in any year of its past history. You will re- member that at the last annual meeting the Interstate case, in which your association was asking for lower rates on live stock to Chicago, was still pending before the Interstate Commerce Commission; and in February a decision was reached and an order issued by the commission ordering the new rates put into effect in May; so, accordingly, on May 16th a new and lower schedule of rates on live stock went into effect over a large por- tion of the state. These reductions were not as great as we had con- tended for, nor as great as we had expected to secure. And there is no doubt in my mind but that the reductions would have been greater had not the Iowa Eailroad Commission, which had previously intervened in the case, deliberately betrayed our interests into the hands of the railroads in the way they did. Notwithstanding these influences that had to be met, the reductions in the state amount to something like $100,000 annually. This is certainly a nice saving to the stockmen, and amply repays them for putting their money into the case and making the three years' fight to win. 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Besides, the new rates make a much more fair and equitable distribu- tion of the rates over the state, which is a strong point in our favor. The sheep men got the long end of the reduction in this case, as the commis- sion order that the new sheep rates in double-deck cars shall be the same as the cattle rates, and further provided that where a shipper ordered a double-deck car and two singles are furnished instead that they must take the double-deck rate, and that the double-deck minimum, which is 22,- 000 must apply. It is well for the sheepmen to make a note of this, as the single deck rate is much higher, so if you wish to take advantage of the lower rate, order the double-deck cars. A similar order regarding the furnishing of single-deck cars where doubles are ordered was made a few years back at the request of this association, by the Iowa Railroad Commission, and applies on shipping your feeding sheep in. The reductions on fat sheep run about ten dollars a car. Another question of great importance to the stockmen, which was suc- cessfully and satisfactorily disposed of through a united effort on the part of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, the Military Tract Live Stock Shippers' Association of Monmouth, Illinois, and a few local commis- sion men at the Union Stock Yards, was the changing of the water at the Union Stock Yards at Chicago from the Bubbly Creek, or sewage water, to the lake water. You will recall that at the last meeting held the ques- tion was raised in regard to the kind of water the Stock Yards Company was furnishing, and a number of stockmen testified to the heavy shrinks they were having on their cattle, and stated that the cattle would not drink a sufficient amount of water at the yards to take on anything of a fill — hence their heavy shrinks. Your officers at once began an investiga- tion of the matter and found that there was universal complaint about the heavy shrink from the stockmen. But they were unable to locate the cause, as the use of the sewage water had been kept under cover. The officers of the Illinois association had already taken the matter up, and at once invited us to join with them to bring about, if possible, a change in the water. This we were glad to do, and when the matter was presented to President Spoor, of the Union Stock Yards, we found him very fair, and he frankly stated that if we could prove to him by actual facts that the Bubbly Creek water was causing us a financial loss, he would give us the use of the lake water — also agreeing to turn off the Bubbly Creek water and turn on the lake water for thirty days, in order to make a test of the matter. So with this understanding, we at once got a letter out to our members, explaining the matter, and asking them to weigh their cattle at home and keep an accurate account of the shrinkage for the next thirty days, while the lake water was being used, and make compari- sons with their shrinks under the use of the sewage water, and report. When the reports began to come in, the difference in the shrink in favor of the lake water was greater than we had expected, as the average re- duction in shrink was about twenty-five per cent, and in the eastern part of the state the ireduction was forty per cent. This is a very convincing argument. At the end of thirty days another conference was held with ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 107 the stock yards people, and the facts submitted to Mr. Spoor. At this meeting we again received the assurance that the lake water would be continued at least for some time, and if they decided to make the change back to the sewage water they would give us another hearing before the change was made. After this meeting, I at once sent out another letter, asking the members who were shipping to write Mr. Spoor personally, and give him their experience in regard to their shrink, and insist on a con- tinuance of the use of the lake water. This no doubt aided greatly in bringing about a satisfactory settlement of the matter, as inside of thirty days I receive a letter stating that Mr. Spoor had decided to continue the use of the lake water indefinitely. In the changing of the water at the stock yards, it is difficult to esti- mate the saving to the stockmen. Some shippers have placed the saving as high as $25 to $35 per car, while the general opinion is from $20 to $25. "We all know the value of good, pure water if we want our stock to fill well, and I do not hesitate to say that our cattle fill better on the lake water than on any water we have ever had there. And in this public way I wish to express our appreciation for the work done in bringing about this change in the water by our friends of the Illinois association and those few commission men who were so loyal to our interests, and to thank them one and all for the same. The next matter taken up, which was important not only to our members but to the whole state, was forced upon us by the railroads serv- ing notice that they would make a general advance in freight rates through the middle west and extending east to the seaboard, about August first. These advances would not only affect our shipments to Chicago, but would also effect all shipments of live stock, dressed meats and packing house products east of Chicago, so we were in reality getting a double header. In this connection, it will be remembered that this organization for years has urged on congress the necessity of enlarging the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, declaring that the commission should have the power to suspend proposed advances in rates until proper hear- ings could be held and shippers given an opportunity to be heard, and to inquire into the reasonableness of such advances; and it was only during the last summer that we had the satisfaction of seeing some of the things which we had contended for along this line enacted into law, and it ought to be a source of gratification to us to know that the things we have been advocating are attracting the attention of the law makers of the land, and that we have some able defenders of these principles in the fed- eral congress. So during the past summer, as you will recall, after a long and bitter fight, in which the lines were clearly drawn between the repre- sentatives of special interests in congress and those men standing for what the people demanded, the Interstate commerce law was amended and the commission given the power to suspend proposed advances in rates, pending an investigation. So after going over the situation carefully, it was decided that the proposed advance in rates was a question of the greatest magnitude of its kind that had ever confronted our people, and that something should be done, if possible, to precent these advances, as 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE it is stated on good authority that the advances, if put into effect, will cost the shippers of Iowa over two million dollars annually. So, accordihly, the commission was asked to suspend the advances, which they did, and arrangements were made with Mr. Thorne, the rate attorney, to go to work on the case. Under an order of the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion the hearing opened in Chicago about August 25th, and it has been al- most a continuous hearing ever since — three hearings having been held in Chicago, one in New York, and two in Washington, D. C, each one last- ing from one to two weeks. So you can readily see that this is going to be the most expensive case that the association has been mixed up in; but I believe the amount represented in these advances and the principle involved amply justifies the spending of this money, because if the rail- roads are permitted to make these advances without us contesting their right, we can make up our minds that we are practically at their mercy in the future. Hence the importance of us doing all we can to prevent them. As already stated, Mr. Thorne has given almost his entire time to this case since about the 25th of August, and we should appreciate the fact that we could secure a man of his ability to represent us at this important hearing. The last hearing was held in Washington, D. C, the latter part of No- vember, and the case concluded as to evidence, but the final arguments will not be made to the commission until in January. Then it will be some time after that before the commission renders a verdict in the case. So we can only patiently await their decision, resting in the conscious- ness that we have done our best to protect the people's interest. Now, as congress has already convened and the Iowa legislature will soon be in session, there are some important measures that I believe this association should call their attention to and urge upon the different bodies. Some may look upon this as being useless, but I want to say that it is through conventions like this that the people speak, and a num- ber of our lawmakers are now listening to hear what the people have to say. And the time has come when men begin to realize that they are elected to serve the people instead of special interests; so I believe we ought to speak, and speak so loud and so plain that they can easily un- derstand what we want, and there should be no uncertain sound as to our position. The first important matter that I want to call attention to is the ne- cessity for an act providing for a special commerce counsel in this state, whose duty it shall be to look after and take charge of all questions per- taining to freight or passenger traffic, also express or telephone rates, either state or interstate, by which the citizens of this state are effected. I believe that such an officer should be appointed by the governor, but such appointment must be confirmed by both the house and senate; and that he shall have the power to prosecute cases of discrimination or ex- cessive rates, both before the state railway commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission, according to the nature of the rate involved. It must be remembered that the railroads have many very able attorneys ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 109 in this state to defend their interests and to see that the people don't en- croach on their rights; and yet the great state of Iowa hasn't one special attorney to look after its interests in regard to matters of transporta- tion. The urgent necessity for such an officer has been forced upon us in the last six months by the railroads making a determined effort to ad- vance their rates; and had it not been for this association, the people of the state would have had no one to make an effort to prevent these ad- vances. Had this bill been passed by the last general assembly, the people would have now had a special officer representing them at these hearings, and the expense would have been borne by the taxpayers of the state, who, are in fact the interested parties, instead of by the members of this organization. We were defeated two years ago by the railroad influence in the state senate, but I believe the personnel of the senate was changed sufficiently at the last election to give us a working majority. At least I believe we are in a position to make them "go some," as the people have a much better understanding of what we are contending for than they had two years ago. And what we want is a united effort on the part of our members to help us in this contest, as it is simply a contest be- tween the people and corporation influence. Then there is the question of better service, which, to our stockmen, is much more important than rates, which should be taken up by this asso- ciation and a determined effort made to improve. It appears that the more the railroads improve their roadbeds and tracks, the poorer service they give the stockmen, and the past winter was certainly the limit in regard to service, as it took from twenty-four to seventy-two hours to reach Chicago from Iowa points, and the stockmen lost thousands of dol- lars in extra shrink and on account of the cattle becoming stale, being so long on the road. During the winter, I took the matter up with the Iowa Railroad Commission, as under a provision of the law they have supervision over the speed of live stock trains; and instead of them mak- ing an investigation and getting both sides of the question, they simply wrote to the different railroad officers and asked for a report on their furnishing of cars and the movement of their live stock trains. The re- plies seemed to be perfectly satisfactory to the commission as nothing further was done and the service was as bad as ever. However, we must remember that the present commission has great sympathy for our much abused railways. Complaints are already coming in in regard to the poor service, and as the winter advances, it will grow worse. So I feel that we must make a determined effort this winter to have congress pass a measure that will give us relief; but in order for your association to suc- ceed, it must be properly equipped with the necessary information in re- gard to the actual time these stock trains make from the loading station to Chicago, and this must be furnished by our members who are shipping. So if you want the association to make an effort to improve the service, you must fill out the shippers' reports promptly on each shipment, and mail them direct to the secretary. We cannot transport a large number of men to Washington to testify in regard to the poor service, but we can take a thousand reports made out on that many different shipments; 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and if they are carefully made out they will be more convincing than anything else. So let me again urge upon you the importance of filling out these shippers' blanks, or reports. Then there is the urgent necessity for the passage of some laws rela- tive to the regulation and control of telephone companies. At the present the state has practically no supervision of her telephone companies, and they are handling us about as they please. Competition is almost elimin- ated; the great Iowa Telephone Company, commonly known as the Bell, has forced almost every competitor out of business in some way or other, and they now have practically the entire field, and are beginning to put the screws to us, both in cost and in the kind of service they give; so I think we should urge upon the coming general assembly the necessity for proper laws regulating and controlling this gigantic trust. There is another question of vast importance to our Iowa farmers that I believe this association should urge upon congress, and that is tne ques- tion of federal inspection of grains at the great terminal markets. That the present system is nothing short of robbery under the cloak of in- spection, there is absolutely no doubt, and the farmers are robbed of hundreds of thousands of dollars by the rotten system now employed in the inspection of their grains. Millions of bushels of grain are shipped into these terminal eleva- tors, from the farmers, and either declared to be no grade or are graded No. 3 or No. 4, and when it is re-sold the same grain is advanced from two to three grades, thus increasing the value from 5 to 15 cents per bushel, all of which advance the farmers should have received when they sold their grain. There is no good reason why we should not have fed- eral inspection of our grain and protect our farmers' interests. So I would recommend that this association in a strong resolution urge upon congress the importance of passing a bill requiring federal inspection of grain. Then there is the question of ship subsidies that is still pending and we do not want to lose sight of the fact that it is .liable to be forced upon us at any time. In my last annual address, I called attention to the fact that the Standard Oil interests and the great American packers had gone into the Argentine Republic to develop their live stock industry so as to secure cheaper meats for the American trade. Recent developments have proven this to be true, and in my opinion it will not be many years until live beef cattle and dressed meats will be imported from the Argen- tine into this country, and indications are that in the near future there will be a determined effort made to pass a ship subsidy bill so as to give the packers the benefit of subsidized shipments. So, in view of these facts, I believe this association should go on record as opposing ship sub- sidies in any form. While our members are feeling gratified over the good work that has been accomplished, it is well for them to understand that there is a move- ment on foot among some of the live stock exchanges to again advance the commission charges. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. Ill It will be remembered that during the existence of the Co-operative Commission Company the stockmen were frequently warned against this and other arbitrary rules being passed by the livestock exchanges if the Co-operative was forced out of business, and now we already have those predictions verified, for the stockmen's commission company was not out of business more than six months until the agitation was started for higher commissions, and the probabilities are that increases along other lines will be agitated. The live stock exchanges have become something like our railroads — every time their members make up their minds that they need a little more cash for their own personal convenience, they simply boost the commissions or make some other move, and the stock- men pay the bills. I simply call your attention to the matter, and it is for you to take whatever action you see fit. And now I wish to say a few words for the benefit of our railroad friends, that they may know just where we stand and the position we occupy toward them. It has been repeatedly charged that this association is continuously fighting the railroads and fighting to secure rates that we are not entitled to. This charge is not only unfair, but it is absolutely false, as the asso- ciation has always held that it wanted to be perfectly fair to the rail- roads, and believed that they should be allowed a fair and reason- able return on the money actually invested; but what we are opposed to is the holding up of the shippers by excessive freight rates in order to pay dividends on the millions of dollars of watered stock that does not represent a dollar of actual investment. Then, we have also contended that Iowa farmers and stockmen were entitled to as low rates as those given by the railroads for a like serv- ice in other states. In other words, what we have contended for was a square deal from the railroads for the Iowa farmer, and we shall not be satisfied with anything short of this. I believe that the railroads have no place in our state politics, and that their lobbyists should be barred from our legislative halls. That when measures are being considered by committees in which their interests are effected, they should be given hearings the same as other iinterested parties, and that they should then be barred from lobbying in the legis- lature while such measures are pending. The sooner railroad men learn that the people have made up their minds that they will have a voice in questions pertaining to railroad regulation, the better it will be for them. And I think the recent election should teach them a lesson along this line- as the railroads did everything possible to defeat Mr. Thorne for railroad commissioner, and yet he had as big a majority as the man that they backed all through the campaign. Railroads are a great necessity, and we don't wish to do anything that would impair their usefulness, but they should learn that they are the servants and not the masters of the peo- ple. Now a few words in regard to the many write-ups the officers of your association received during the past year in the different news- papers, ostensibly in the interests of the Iowa packers. Your officers 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE have been charged with being in league with the Chicago packers and receiving "hand-outs" from them; they have been charged with running an independent packing plant at Chicago and penalizing the members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association if they failed to ship their stock to the Chicago plant; they have been called "grafters" and "dope- sters" and everything but gentlemen. And why? Just because they made a fight to give Iowa farmers as reasonable freight rates as those given to farmers of other states for a like service. They even went so far as to publish and circulate a pamphlet that was chock full of false statements and misrepresentations by one who styles himself as being familiar with the facts — for the purpose of berating and lambasting your officers. But it was all done under the guise of protetcing the Iowa packer. Now let us see how much the Iowa packer is willing to help the Iowa farmer. The first move made by this association to give Iowa farmers and stockmen fair rates was during the winter of 1907, when a petition was filed with the Iowa Railroad Commission, asking for a reduction on live stock shipped within the state. Before opening the case, your officers communicated with the Iowa packers, and asked them to join in the case, on the theory that lower rates within the state would help their business. But, to the surprise of your officers, they received no encouragement from the packers, so they proceeded to prosecute the case alone, and secured a reduction of eighteen per cent on cattle and sheep within the state. This certainly redounded to the benefit of the local packers, but so un- appreciative were they of the work done that when the assocaition under- took to secure as reasonable rates from Iowa points to Chicago on live stock as stockmen in other states were receiving, the Iowa packers at once joined hands with the railroads to prevent any reduction in rates. Towards the close they became uneasy of the outcome of the case, and opened fire on the association through the newspapers, and attempted in this way to arouse public sympathy in their favor so they might prejudice the case in the minds of the Interstate Commerce Commission — for it must be remembered that the Iowa commission had already fallen a victim to their seductive pleadings and passed a resolution — a copy of which was secured by the packers and the railroads — which reso- lution was very damaging to the case. Now this seems like a very strange procedure on the part of the packers to secure the co-operation of the live stock men in building of the Iowa packing business. The facts are that any reduction that this association might have hoped to receive on hogs could not have affected the Iowa packers, and it looked like the packers simply joined hands with the railroads so they might help fight their battles and protect their inter- ests; and that it was a very diplomatic scheme to create public sympathy in favor of the railroads no one can doubt. Now as to the attitude of this association towards the Iowa packer, I want to say once for all that it is not opposing in any way their inter- ests. But we do not propose to build up the Iowa packer at the ex- pense of the Iowa farmer. The management of the Iowa packing houses ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 113 has been such that they do not attempt to compete with the Chicago mar- ket in price, even after the extra freight and commissions are added. If our Iowa packers will buy their hogs on the Chicago market, less the freight and other charges that are there added, they will have no difficulty in securing all the hogs they can use. If they fail to do this, as they have in the past, they must not get "sore" at the fanner. I have had occasion to visit the farmers in the localities surrounding the different packing plants in the state, and have made careful inquiry of them as to where they ship their hogs, and they invariably tell me to Chicago; and when I have asked them why they do not patronize their local packers, their reply is because they can't get the price. They tell me they receive from 10 to 20 cents per hundred more for their hogs in Chicago, and the dockage and fill is much more satisfactory. With these conditions existing, is it any wonder that the farmers don't patronize the Iowa packer? Now I have gone into this matter quite fully, so that the farmers may have a better understanding of the controversy between the officers of this association and the packers, and may be in a position to judge for themselves as to who was in the right. We are all in sympathy with the local packers 'and want to see them succeed and would be gratified to see many more packing plants doing business in the state. But I do not believe that such methods of abuse as have been resorted to by the packers in this case will ever build up their business and make it a success. If the Iowa packer can not successfully compete in price with other markets, and allow the farmer to have as reasonable rates as farmers in other states are given, they had better inquire into where the difficulty is in the conduct of their business, for it is not with the farmers; and they can not build up their business by berating and rid- iculing the men who are protecting the farmers' interests. Now, in concluding, I want to call your attention to the future of your association. You will recall that at your last meeting the future of the association was not as bright as it might have been. We were behind some $700 in our expenses, and many of the members were becoming discouraged. At that meeting I made a strong plea for a united effort to save your association from the disastrous fate that has befallen all such farmers' associations in the past. And I believe we all went Home with a determination to save the association and put it on a more per- manent basis. And I am glad to be able to report to you that our efforts have succeeded, and that your officers can now make a favorable report on the condition of the organization, in view of the heavy expenses con- nected with the recent hearings on the proposed advances in rates, and this is due wholly to the change in the system of securing memberships, and collecting funds for the work. Had we continued under the old sys- tem it would have been impossible to have recovered ourselves. Now we have made a start towards putting the association on a practical business basis, and if the work is prosecuted as it should be, you can have an organization that will be a power in the state inside of the next two years. But this must be done by personal work among the 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE farmers, as no other plan will succeed. Men are willing to contribute of their means to support this association if they are solicited and the matter explained to them. But I believe we are wasting our time if we attempt to do the work in any other way. Assuming that this work will be continued by my successor, I want to say a few words in his behalf to the local men, who must assist him in the canvass if he succeeds. It will take some of your time, and this will mean a sacrifice to you. But unless you are willing to make that sacrifice, he cannot succeed. And re- member that when you are helping him you are building up an associa- tion that is protecting your interests — therefore you are helping yourself. Don't expect your president to go out among strangers and solicit member- ships as he would sell farm machinery, for he is handling a different prop- osition, and he would be looked on with suspicion; he cannot succeed without a good local man with him. So please remember this, when he asks you to assist him to canvass your farmers. But there is one danger to your association at this juncture that I want to warn you against at this meeting, and that is the danger of your members lapsing into a sort of belief that the association is now over the hill, and that it will succeed without them making any further sacrifice to boost it. Just as sure as they do this, your association will dwindle away and die, as it is only through a united effort of all that it will continue to grow. The splendid work done by your organization is commending itself to sober, thinking farmers everywhere — and why not? It has taken the despised farmer — as it were — who was supposed to wear nothing but blue overalls and cowhide boots, and to never get the hayseed combed out of his hair, and has placed him in the front rank in the state; and now, after seven years of hard fighting, all other classes take off their hats and hail the Iowa farmer. It has proven to the rail- roads that the farmers have rights as well as great corporatins. It has taken a hand in cleaning up our politics, so that the people's rights are now protected against corporation's greed. It has become a recognized power in defending and protecting the farmers' interests. In short, it is the one organization above all others that stands for a building up of the farmer and stockman and a square deal for all. "With these undisputed facts so vividly in our minds, we should all make a more determined effort than ever to push the association during the coming year. Now just a little resume of my work for the association during the past year, as it has been a very busy one for me. During the winter I held a meeting every day when the weather would permit, and was also doing all I could to improve the service for the stockmen. And then toward spring I took up personally the question of the water at Chicago, and began to work on it. Then in May I commenced the canvass for five- year memberships under the new plan, and pushed that with all my might during the balance of the year. I have traveled 12,000 miles by rail and about half that distance with team and automobile. I have attended conferences and hearings where your interests demanded my assistance, and hav« conscientiously endeavored to discharge my duty and protect ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 115 your interests. I have given you all of my time and the best there was in me to build up your association. As to how well I have succeeded and how near I have met your expectations, I leave it to you to decide. But before I close, I want to call your attention to my expense account for the past year. You will notice when the secretary makes his report that this account is about double what it has been for the preceding years. This increase is brought about by my working all the year instead of just during the winter months, as in the past. And in this connec- tion I want to state that in many localities where I worked, the local men who were boosters in the association had their own autos and took us around, and made no charge, which fact I believe deserves special mention, for they not only saved the association many dollars, but they showed their faith by their works. Others drove us with their teams when the roads were too soft to use an auto. Thus all were ready to do their part in the good work, for which they deserve our hearty thanks. Our interstate rate case was won largely through the unselfish devo- tion of our attorney in the case, Mr. Thorne, and I am sure I voice the sentiment of all when I extend in this public way our hearty thanks to Mr. Thorne. Then there is that old, staid and true veteran defender of the farmers' rights and interests — Uncle Henry Wallace, and his valuable paper, "Wal- lace's Farmer, that has had a conspicuous part in creating sentiment in favor of your association and building it up; and I wish to make special mention of them and to extend to them our most hearty thanks. And also to all other papers — the names of which are too numerous to permit of personal mention — which have in any way assisted in the good work, we extend our thanks. Then there is the loyal band of local workers over the state, who have given freely of their own time and sacrificed their own interests in order to perpetuate the association, and to whom your association owes its very existence; and we want to say: Thank you, one and all, and may God bless you all and abundantly recompense you in the future. Now, just a parting word from one who loves you and the cause you have espoused, and believes firmly in the righteousness of our cause. Let me say to you all, buckle on the armor afresh, and let us go forth the coming year determined to make this the greatest organization of its kind this state has ever seen. Then, and then only, will we see victory perched upon our banner. I thank you. • Professor J. B. Davidson, of the Iowa Agricultural College, was then introduced, and addressed the convention as follows: 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FARM BUILDINGS. PEOF. J. B. DAVIDSON, AMES, IOWA. The design and construction of farm "buildings is an important subject with all those directly interested in agriculture, and one which is worthy of much greater consideration than is usually given to it. It will not be possible for me to treat the subject except in a general way for at least two reasons; first, the subject is too large for the time allotted to me, and, second, the science of farm building design is undeveloped, and is one of the problems of the day. Viewed from any standpoint, farm building design and construction must occupy an important place with those interested in agriculture, if thought be given to the subject but for a time. Consider first the capital invested in farm buildings. For the United States it is necessary to refer to the twelfth census report, the complete data from the thirteenth census not yet being available. The fixed capital of farms is divided by the 1900 census into land, buildings, implements and machinery, and livestock. The relative im- portance of these is indicated from one standpoint by the percentage which each bears to the whole: Land 59.9 per cent Buildings 21.4 per cent Livestock 15.0 per cent Implements and machinery 3.7 per cent 100.0 per cent It is to be noticed that the value of farm buildings exceeds that of all livestock, and is equal to about one-third of the value of the land. The 1907 Year Book for Iowa gives the values of the various properties for the state as follows: Value of land $1,552,106,448 or 69.7 per cent Value of buildings 303,750',975, or 13.4 per cent Value of livestock 340,826,266, or 15.1 per cent Value of farm machinery 41,232,368, or 1.8 per cent The preliminary report of the thirteenth census has been announced and furnishes values which differ widely from those given above: 1910 1900 Value of land $2,799,025,000 $1,256,752,000 Value of buildings 454,6*94,000 240,803,000 Value of implements and machinery 95,273,000 57,961,000 Although the value of buildings has practically doubled during the past ten years, its percentage of the total fixed capital of the farms has undoubtedly been lowered on account of the large advances in the value of land. Too little thought is given to the conservation of labor on the farm by the convenient arrangement of the farm buildings, enabling the work of feeding or the chores to be done with the minimum of effort and time. It would be difficult to estimate the great loss of labor due to the present ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 117 inconvenient arrangement of buildings now in almost general use. In fact, there are very few farmsteads which can not be criticized from this standpoint. The loss of labor from an inconvenient arrangement of buildings is so gradual that it is not fully appreciated, but it is accumulative and the aggregate is enormous. Thus, the total distance traveled in walk- ing 300 feet and return four times a day for a year is over 145 miles, and a saving of thirty minutes a day for a year is equal to over eighteen days of ten hours each. We have succeeded recently in interesting a government investigatoi in making investigations concerning the distance and time required to do the chores on some of the Iowa farms he has under investigation, and some interesting results are to be expected. To illustrate the great difference to be observed in farmstead plans, I would like to call your attention to the two sketches which I have here. The first of these is the plan of the buildings of a farm with which I am familiar, and it is presented just as it exists at the present time. In doing the morning work upon this farm, tending to the horses, cows, and hogs, it is neces- sary to walk 2,400 feet outside of the buildings. This may be good morning exercise, but it will be hard to convince the average farmer that he needs it. Besides the inconvenience in doing the morning work, notice how inconveniently placed the garden is from the house. Attention is also called to the position of the well. Instead of being between the house and barn, it is beyond the barn. Compare this plan with the next. The house is 150 feet from the road, and the barn is 200 feet from the house. Not too close, when located in the right direction. The prevailing winds are either from the northwest or southeast, and the odors from the barn are seldom carried toward the house. The implement and wagon shed also includes the shop and milk house. If the well can be located near this shop, so much the better, as a gasoline engine can be used to do all the light work at this point. In doing the morning work, a man will only walk 900 feet, a saving of 1,500 feet over the former plan. It is generally recognized that it is impossible to produce dairy prod- ucts economically without providing comfortable quarters for the dairy herd. There is no data at hand to show to what extent comfortable quarters will compensate for a reduced ration, yet there is no doubt but what an animal well protected from the cold and wind, and housed in sanitary quarters, not only will produce more, but require a smaller ration. There is much difference of opinion in regard to the need of warm quarters for beef animals. Some investigators have reached the conclusion that the waste heat from the digestive processes furnishes a surplus amount of heat, and warm quarters are not necessary. All agree, however, that protection from wind and wet is essential to eco- nomical beef production. The animal requires the oxygen of the air as much as food. In fact, an animal will live much longer without food than without air. Perhaps 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE nothing has been proven more effective in warding off tuberculosis than good ventilation. In the localities where the animals, especially dairy- cows, are not housed for any considerable length of time, tuberculosis is unknown. In like manner, light is also essential in combatting disease. Good dairy products can not be produced except in sanitary quarters. The milk will become contaminated with foul odors and disease germs unless the barn be dry, light and well ventilated. In citing various reasons why the design and construction of farm buildings is a subject worthy our best consideration, the design of the farm house and the plan of the home which enter to make the farm a pleasant or unpleasant place to live should not be overlooked. "Farming is not all corn." One function of the farm is to provide a home. If in building the house, it may not only be made convenient and comfortable, but by means of the planting of trees and shrubs, it may be made a place where happy lives are to be passed, it has a far-reaching influence upon the character and ideals of the growing generation — greater than it is possible to estimate. It is not the purpose of this talk to bore you longer with an effort to prove to you that farm buildings are a large factor in farm economy, farm management and farm life. The design and construction of farm build- ings is one of the most neglected branches of agricultural science. The present buildings upon the farm are largely the result of individual effort. If a farmer decides to build a barn, for instance, his opportunities for the study of farm structures are confined almost entirely to his immediate neighborhood. This is evidenced by the fact that types of farm buildings vary by localities to a large extent. There is practically no literature on the subject. Books of plans now in print are largely a compilation of plans prepared by architects for wealthy clients. The plans for the better and more practical buildings are never put upon paper. Contractors and carpenters lend valuable aid in the construction of farm buildings, but they are influenced almost entirely from the stand- point of construction with the least effort, regardless of the uses to which the building is later to be put. Only a few agricultural college courses contain anything at all con- cerning farm buildings. This is due largely to the fact that the subject is not in shape to be presented to college classes. Outside of a few bulletins on special types of farm buildings, there is practically no liter- ature upon the subject. Is it not high time that this whole matter re- ceive our earnest attention? Farm building design and construction must be developed alone. Ex- amples are to be found everywhere of an attempt to take city ideas of architecture to the country, to find out they are entirely out of place. It is becoming more and more realized that whatever is of extreme utility and practicability, coupled with neatness and perhaps plainness, is of good taste. In no place is this so true as upon the farm. Farm bulidings are of good taste if they are perfectly adapted to the uses to which they are designed, and shall bear no meaningless or useless ornaments. It costs no more to build a building of good taste than otherwise, and often ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 119 when an attempt is made to decorate a building, it is made less pleasing than before. The matter of good taste is reflected more in farm buildings than in city buildings, because the former stand alone. Taking up the location of farm buildings, I would invite your attention to the following principles: Perhaps it is not possible to incorporate all of these in one plan, yet a good plan must indicate most of them. 1. Have the buildings near the centec of the farm, giving due con- sideration to other advantages. 2. Needless fences should be avoided on account of first cost and maintenance. 3. A pasture should be adjacent to buildings. 4. Buildings should occupy poorest ground. 5. Buildings should be located in reference to water supply. 6. Buildings should be on a slight elevation whenever possible. 7. A southwest slope is desired. 8. The soil on which buildings are to be placed should be dry and well drained. 9. A timber windbreak should.be secured. 10. A garden plot should be near the house. 11. Buildings should not be located on high hills, because of difficulty of reaching from fields or road. 12. Buildings should not be placed in low valleys, on account of lack of air, drainage, and danger of frost. 13. Buildings should be located on the side of the farm nearest the school, church or town. 14. The house should be not less than 100 feet from the highway. 15. The barn should be about 150 to 200 feet from the house, and not in the direction of the prevailing winds. 16. The barn should be in plain view from the house. 17. Lots should be on the farther side of the barn from the house. 18. Several views from the house are desirable. 19. All buildings should serve as windbreaks. 20. The shop and machine shed should be convenient to house, barn and fields. Two general systems of arranging farm buildings have been developed in this country. For want of better terms, they may be designated as the "distributed" system in which a separate building is provided for each kind of stock or for each purpose to which it may be devoted, and the "concentrated" system, in which everything is placed under one roof as far as possible, or the buildings at least connected. The advantages of the first system may be listed as follows: 1. Greater amount of lot room possible. 2. Different kinds of animals are separated. 3. Less danger from fire. 4. More economical for the storage of certain crops and machinery. 5. Possible to secure better lighting. Wide barns are necessarily dark. In turn, the following arguments may be advanced for the concentrated system : 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1. Economy of first cost. Volume of "building is secured with, mini- mum of wall surface. 2. Less expense for maintenance. 3. More economical of labor. 4. Better fire protection can be provided. 5. Manure can be handled to the best advantage. 6. Provides a very imposing structure. It is to be expected that opinions and tastes will differ as well as conditions, and all these will determine the best arrangement for any par- ticular location. Most farmsteads are the results of growth and develop- ment, and for this reason are not what they would be if built entirely at one time. As changes are made and new buildings constructed, it is well to keep in mind the desired features and to approach the ideal as far as possible. In commercial life it has often been found a matter of good business to dismantle certain buildings designed for manufacture and entirely rebuild the same. There are, no doubt, many farms so equipped that it would be a good business investment to entirely dismantle the existing buildings and rebuild in such a way as to insure a more economic oper- ation. One feature of farm building construction which has received more attention of late than formerly, is the matter of natural lighting. Not only has the amount of window glass been increased, perhaps beyond a practical amount, but the location of the windows to secure the maxi- mum effect has been given due consideration. These statements hold more nearly true in the case of dairy barns and poultry houses than in other farm buildings. It is now customary to provide in dairy barn construction one square foot of window glass for every twenty to twenty-five square feet of floor surface. This seems to be adequate when care is used in seeing to it that the entire floor is swept during the day by direct sunlight, and that too much of the light is not intercepted by the window casings. There is no question relating to farm buildings which is in as unsettled a state as the matter of ventilation. It is recognized generally that men and animals must have fresh air, and the most favorable conditions for life and health are attained when the air is as pure as the open atmos- phere. It is not practical to provide air as pure as this to animals housed in a building which is designed primarily as a shelter and for warmth. The standard of purity or to what extent the air of buildings should be diluted down in order to make it fit for breathing purposes, i's a question upon which there is no agreement. This must be settled in a more or less definite way before the engineer can work out a ventilating system. It is customary to let the number of parts of carbon dioxide in 10,000 parts of air represent the purity of air. In the open air there are about four parts in 10,000. De Chaumont, an authority on ventilation, holds that air fit for breath- ing purposes should not at any time contain more than six parts, and in contrast to this, Professor F. H. King, designer of the common King sys- ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 121 tern of ventilation, maintains that sixteen parts are not too many. It is hoped that experiments will be conducted which will establish a standard of ventilation. The dilution of air may be secured by four different means: 1. The process of diffusion. 2. The action of winds. 3. The difference in weight of masses of air of unequal temperature. 4.. Mechanical means. The first of these is made use of in the so-called cheesecloth window ventilators. The observations of the speaker and the recent tests of the Ontario Agricultural College, would both indicate that this is in no sense a true system of ventilation. The action of the winds is made use of by means of the so-called Sher- ingham windows — windows that drop back into the building between cheeks, providing an opening at the top through which a current of air may pass. Cowls or cupolas are designed to assist in the aspirating effect of the winds in drawing foul air from the building. At best, the effect of the wind is unreliable for ventilation because it is irregular. The heating of the air and its consequent expansion is the most suc- cessful agent used at the present time to produce ventilation. This is ex- emplified by the King system of ventilation. Long flues are provided which lead from near the floor to the highest part of the building. In the speaker's opinion, this is the most successful system in use. The success of the system depend upon making the barn warm, the wall air tight, and the flues large and straight. Mechanical or forced ventilation has not been used to any appreciable extent in barn ventilation, but time will see its general introduction. It is a positive means of ventilation. All the other means mentioned vary so much with atmospheric conditions. There was a time when all build- ings were ventilated by other means, but the modern structure has the mechanical, the positive means of ventilation. The main difficulty lies in supplying power to operate the fan or pump forcing the air into or from the building. The amount of power required is extremely small, but it must be continually in operation. Time will, however, solve the problem. One striking thing about farm building construction in the past is that very little thought has been given to the matter of permanency or durability. The materials which have entered into the construction of farm buildings have been largely those most available and those with which the local mechanics were the most familiar. Cement is coming into more general use, and its use is to be highly commended. Concrete construction, when properly handled, is as dur- able as any material we now have. Its use in farm buildings is not well worked out. The methods used in the large reinforced structures of the city are not well adapted to use in the country. Another material which, no doubt, is worthy of a more extended use, is vitrified clay building blocks. These introduce no new methods in building construction, they are cheap, and are manufactured quite gener- ally over the state. 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In closing, I will say that I expect great development in the science of farm building design and construction. There is a general awaken- ing along these lines, as evidenced by the correspondence to farm papers and to the experiment stations. Development must come, however, from specialists who are endowed with the spirit of the farm as well as fully acquainted with farm practices and farm needs. Farmers in their pros- perous years are now able and willing to pay a fee to a rural architect who can furnish full value in a plan of a building. Besides this, I ex- pect the experiment stations to give the subject attention — and why should they not? There are no commercial interests tending to develop farm building design other than those interested in the sale of materials. AFTERNOON SESSION. President Sykes announced the following committee on resolu- tions : R. M. Gunn, Black Hawk county ; S. M". Corrie, Ida county ; A. L. Ames, Tama county; H. P. Dawson, Cherokee county; J. B. Wardrip, Keokuk county; Warren Nichols, Marshall county; Frank Owens, Iowa county ; Geo. C. White, Story county ; D. Hogan, Cass county; Frederic Larrabee, Webster county; A. A. Foster, Pow- eshiek county. Herbert W. Mumford, Professor of Animal Husbandry, Illinois College of Agriculture, read the following paper : LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CORN BELT FARMER. PROF. H. W. MUMFORD, URBANA, ILL. These are days of uncertainty. Agriculture never presented more diffi- cult problems. Farmers were never more clamorous for guidance. Quali- fied men were never more reticent about prophesying what particular phase of agriculture i's likely to prove most profitable, while the "inter- ests" were never more active in promoting their own projects by preying upon the unsophisticated, who have been sidetracked by the present pop- ularity of the "back-to-the-land" movement. The "interests" as here referred to represent those individuals and corporations who are selling everything from garden seeds and books to land, at prices entirely out of all proportion to their value. There never was a time when as many sins were perpetrated in the name of agriculture as now. With all the uncertainty there are a few facts in relation to agri- cultural production which are the result of changed conditions. They are fit food for thoughtful minds to juggle with. Foodstuffs are high in price as compared with former times. The tendency is toward still further advances in the future. Particularly have advances been noticeable in the price of meats. Meat production has not kept pace with the increase of population. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 123 It may be interesting to review briefly some radical changes which have taken and are taking place with reference to the food of the population of the United States. The savage subsisted chiefly upon game and fish. The first white settlers did likewise. Even the ranchman frequently lived on a diet largely composed of meat. The larger use of cereals, vegetables, and fruit has come with the development of the country and the knowledge of the possibility of successfully growing these foodstuffs. It has come also, I am bound to say, with the more general appreciation of the health- fulness of a mixed diet, as compared with one composed largely of meat. Nor should the science and art of cookery be robbed of its share of credit for this apparent change. I say apparent, because it is doubtful whether statistics are available to prove that the tendency of our people at present is to consume a smaller proportion of meat. Is it not safe to assume that this fact is so apparent that it needs no proof? A lessened per capita consumption of meat, if such there be, is not due primarily to the in- creased intelligence of the people with reference to dietetics, but to the increased cost of meat. It has increased in price from what was virtually the cheapest article of diet to what is substantially the most expensive. Financial considerations, then, are chiefly responsible for the change. This fact is significant because the producer can, if he will, get an indi- cation of the attitude of the masses toward any particular article of diet. To be sure, the appetite will largely indicate what articles of food will be purchased, provided the disparity in price is not great. But as soon as the price of an article of diet rises to a point where it is clearly rela- tively high as compared with other foodstuffs whi'ch can be substituted for it, there is sure to be a lessened demand for the high-priced article. Agriculturally speaking, the United States is a new country; at any rate, sufficiently new to have failed to settle into systems of farming which are looked upon as reasonably permanent. This has been inev- itable. The rapid agricultural development of the west by ranchers and home- steaders, the reclamation and railroad projects, have all kept the eastern and middle western farmer busy determining what line of agriculture he ought to follow to secure greatest profits. Our country is, however, now rapidly nearing a stage in its development when production and market conditions will be more stable. Along with this probable fact, the grow- ing intelligence of the farmer is an encouraging factor. A comprehensive inquiry among farmers throughout the state of Illi- nois, conducted under the direction of the writer, shows conclusively that on the whole there is a widespread tendency to breed and feed less live- stock. What is true in Illinois is true to a lesser extent throughout the corn belt. Briefly stated, the causes which have most largely contributed in bringing about this condition are: 1. For brief periods grain farming has been more profitable than live- stock production, because, temporarily, the price of feeds used largely in the production of livestock have been relaitvely higher in price than animal products. These relatively higher prices for grain have caused a 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE very material extension of grain growing, especially of the acreage de- voted to corn. To secure additional areas for corn, farmers have been plowing up old blue grass pastures. Elimination of pastures from a sys- tem of farming is quickly followed by a very pronounced reduction in the number of livestock. 2. The most profitable production of meat animals has hitherto been associated with cheap lands. The opportunities for stock raising offered by these cheap lands in various sections of the west, southwest and north- west have lured many successful stockmen from the state. The opportun- ities of these newer sections as compared with Illinois for the ex- clusive grain grower have not been equally attractive, hence there has been a tendency for a large exodus of livestock producers, while the grain growers have more largely remained. 3. The great difficulty of securing tenants who have had a success- ful experience in livestock management tends still further to decrease the number of livestock kept. This is an important consideration, for the im- pression prevails that there is a strong tendency toward landlordism and tenantry. 4. There has been, and still is, a very general lack of appreciation of the value of farm manure produced by livestock on the farm. In a country whose agriculture is new there are few agricultural ques- tions which are either difficult or complicated. As an agriculture becomes older, the number of problems arising increase rapidly, and their solu- tion becomes correspondingly difficult. The agriculture of the United States will be very shortly called upon to settle some of the most far- reaching questions which have ever been presented. No important branch of agriculture has experienced and survived more vicissitudes than livestock production. Farmers have frequently become panicky o\er it. A suggestion of such a condition now threatens the industry. As has been noted, there has been a growing tendency to decrease livestock production, and increase grain growing. Reasons for this move- ment have been stated. The fact should not be lost sight of, however, that some of these causes will not continue to operate with the same force. On the other hand, it is safe to assume that new difficulties will arise. Less than a year ago we called attention to the evident fact that continually increasing the corn area and production without increasing at the same time the production of livestock, would sooner or later have a marked effect upon the corn market. It has come sooner than we an- ticipated it would. It is a well-known fact that corn production has been rapidly increasing, while there has been a tendency to actually decrease meat production. In this connection, it is a significant fact tiiat eighty per cent of the corn produced in the United States is fed to livestock. The following reasons may be given for the wisdom of continuing livestock production : 1. Intelligent livestock husbandry is more profitable than grain grow- ing. The multiplicity of kinds and methods of livestock production and the variations in market value both of feeds used and animals involved, ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 125 preclude the possibility of presenting here a comprehensive and detailed account of the profit-making possibilities of the business. In this con- nection, some experimental data of the Missouri Experiment Station, where various forage and grain crops were consumed by hogs, is given as an example. The hogs used in the investigation weighed at the beginning about one hundred pounds. The corn, where used as a supplement to forage crops, was charged against the hogs at sixty cents a bushel; the gains on hogs were credited at $6 per hundred-weight. Nothing was charged for labor, and no credit fiven for fertilizer. An acre of blue grass in the season of 1908, when pastured with hogs at the rate of four- teen hogs per acre, for a period of 140 days, was worth, after deducting the value of the corn used to supplement the pasture, $18.80. An acre of clover pastured by twelve hogs, ninety days, under similar conditions, yielded $37.59; rape, oats and clover, in 1909, ten hogs for seventy-eight days, $22.02; oowpeas, twelve hogs for thirty-two days, $17.71; corn and cowpeas, ten hogs for thirty-two days, $35.40. These figures speak for themselves. Similar work will be conducted at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. While it is true that at times and under unusual conditions, which have been particularly unfavorable for profitable livestock production, ex- clusive grain growing has seemed as profitable and in some cases more profitable, it is not true today, nor is it likely to be true until the demand for corn, clover hay, alfalfa and other foods largely used in the production of meat comes into more general use in the human dietary. These crops, admittedly the most natural and profitable on corn belt farms, are suited primarily to livestock production, and as long as they are grown, they, together with the by-products of many other farm crops, will be used largely for livestock production either in this or other states or coun- tries. Intelligent systems of livestock husbandry are the most profitable sys- tems of farming under conditions likely to prevail for a long series of years, and doubtless indefinitely. Then, too, in considering a question of such significance, only averages extending over a series of years equally favorable to grain growing on the one hand and livestock production on the other should be considered conclusive. 2. Livestock farming furnishes the opportunity to many intelligent workmen for continuous remunerative work in the country. In other words, livestock farming calls for greater intelligence and skill in the farm laborer, while such systems of farming distribute the work to be done more evenly throughout the year. Some systems of livestock farm- ing, especially the more intensive forms, like dairying, furnish a greater amount of work. Looking at the subject from the standpoint of public good, therefore, it would seem highly desirable to encourage systems of livestock production, particularly as population increases. A system of exclusive grain farming will necessarily find a large place in the agriculture of the corn belt, and no one should rejoice in this fact more than the livestock producer. Exclusive grain growing increases the available supply of feeds used in animal production on the one hand, 126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and on the other removes increased competition and the probability of an over-production of livestock. It should not be forgotten that live- stock husbandry is the most important factor in the corn market. As nearly as can be estimated, eighty per cent of the corn produced in the United States is fed to livestock. Then, too, there are large areas where the production of livestock will long prove not only the most profitable but also practically the only use which can be made of these lands. This is a fact which should not be overlooked in any effort looking to- ward the development of all agricultural resources. Intelligent systems of livestock production are feasible and profitable not only on lands not adapted for grain growing, but upon lands especially suited to grain growing. If, therefore, an individual adopts a system of exclusive grain farming, he does so from choice, or seeming necessity, and not because systems of livestock farming are not profitable. 3. The keeping of more and better livestock on the -farm promotes greater interest in farm life. The tendency for the boys and girls, the young men and the young women, to early leave the farm is a tendency which is universally regretted. I venture to say that no single agricultur- al reconstruction would increase this tendency more certainly and more rapidly than a general abandonment of livestock husbandry. In other words, eliminate livestock as an important factor in agricultural practice, and you remove forever the most powerful magnet that attracts and holds the brightest and best among our farm-raised young men and young women. An agriculture without livestock is threatened with becoming a business prosecuted by a relatively ignorant class who are not farmers from choice, but because it furnishes as remunerative employment for the laboring man as factory, shop or mine. Do we wish nothing better for American agriculture? 4. If advocates of a system of livestock husbandry could put forth no stronger argument than that it encourages, and, speaking broadly, neces- sitates the residence of the owner of the farm on the farm, it would in- deed be sufficient. I take it that we are interested in the ultimate status of the farmer as a class, as well as the financial possibilities of land own- ership. It is a deplorable condition in the trend of the agricultural prac- tice of a state when intelligent and successful farmers forsake their farm homes for town or city, while their farms pass to the control of ten- ants, whose chief interest is in mining the soil, and who seldom care for the best development of country life.* 5. The highest type of agriculture is not possible without livestock. If the highest type of intelligent citizenship is to prevail in this country, it will rest largely upon the possibility of developing standards of liv- *The writer does not wish to be understood as even intimating that all tenants are undesirable citizens. As a matter of fact, there are tenants in Illinois, who, if left to themselves,- would better care for the farms they occupy than the owners. It is highly desirable that since a certain per cent of Illinois farms must be occupied by tenants that some serious attention be given to developing tenants who shall be a credit to agriculture, as they are in Great Britain, and not a re- proach, as is frequently the case in this country. Lengthening the term of lease will help materially. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 127 ing among country folk which will necessitate systems of agricultural practice that constitute the highest type of agriculture. Im other words, it is possible to build up an enduring civilization around systems of farm- ing which do not exclude livestock and which will not only profitably ultilize to the fullest extent the agricultural resources of the United States, but develop an intelligent and influential farming class. 6. While it is true that the fertility of a farm can not be maintained simply by returning to the farm the manure made by livestock fed upon the crops grown on that farm. It still remains true that most systems of livestock farming call for the purchase of less plant food than any system of grain farming. It would seem, therefore, that the easiest and most logical procedure in developing a permanent agriculture would be to work out a variety of systems of livestock husbandry which would retain as much as possible of the fertility removed in cropping, supplementing whatever lack of fertility there may be by the purchase of mineral fertilizers, or the pur- chase for feeding purpose of the large supplies of grain produced and bound to be produced by grain farmers. This buying of grain to feed need not be done with the thought of building up the stock farmer's farm at the expense of his neighbor's, but in a public-spirited and economic sense assist in making a good market for the grain produced by those who, for personal reasons, prefer to remain grain farmers, and who may, if they will, keep up the fertility of their lands by plowing under rather than feeding the legumes they grow, and supplementing this method of manuring with whatever mineral fertilizers they find advantageous. I can not leave this subject without calling attention to the fact that Illinois is selling from the state in her grain crops a very consid- erable amount of fertilizer. Exact statistics showing the amount of farm products shipped out of that state and used for manufacturing purposes are not available. It is believed, however, that the amount of corn reserved on the farms for feeding purposes would fall considerably short of fifty per cent of the total production of the state. Illinois produced in 1909 approximately 350,000,000 bushels of corn. Assuming that one-half of this is shipped off Illinois farms, attention is called to the fact that the 175,000,000 bushels so shipped would fatten each year over 2,500,000 steers, or their equiva- lent in other livestock, and that the fertilizer produced by this feeding would increase the annual possible production of the state $15,000,000. It is argued that the corn belt is primarily a grain growing section and that its agricultural development lies along grain growing lines. Un- doubtedly grain growing is to be a leading and permanent branch of the agricultural endeavor of the corn belt, but there are several systems of livestock farming that are not incompatible with grain growing, and that are necessary for its permanent success. I believe the time will come when it will be considered bad economics to transport numberless car- loads and shiploads of grain to far distant lands for feeding purposes. It may be even practically impossible for transportation companies to handle such traffic. Already railroads are having difficulty in handling the 128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE present volume of business. The necessity of keeping the cost of foods within reach of the masses that is, at such a level that the laboring man can be well nourished and highly efficient, will eventually demand that the distance between the producer and consumer be shortened. It is possible, but not at all probable, that livestock production will be overdone as the area that can be devoted exclusively to livestock pro- duction is rapidly disappearing. After all, the considerations that will carry the greatest weight in determining the future farming policy of corn belt farmers will be eco- nomic. Agricultural practice will surely gravitate toward the more profit- able systems of farming, regardless of whether those systems include or exclude livestock. I venture to suggest that the livestock producers of the country are not doing and never have done enough in the way of putting livestock pro- duction on a sound economic basis. Livestock production no sooner be- comes profitable enough to be an attractive financial proposition than it receives a setback due to a variety of causes, some of which are at present beyond the control of the producer. I do not come to you with a remedy. I do, however, suggest that you continue to give this subject careful consideration, for, unless meat producers, whose chief business it is to protect their own interests, main- tain a live and effective organization — an organization which at all times is led and controlled, and whose policies are determined by men who are interested primarily from the producer's standpoint — meat production, as a leading factor in American agriculture, will gradually decline. As we study the situation with a view to future prospects of the business, a few facts are worthy of our best thought. Some of these are encouraging; some are di'scouraging. As yet, railroads, stock yard companies and packing interests — in other words, the manufacturing and distributing agencies involved in the meat trade — have done mighty little in encouraging livestock production in a way which looks to making it a permanently profitable enterprise of the corn belt farms. I say this not in the spirit of criticism, but with a view of calling attention of these interests to an undeveloped opportunity, an underworked field of endeavor. They have pursued a short-sighted policy, if, indeed, they have had a policy, that disregards the permanency of the best agricultural development of the whole country. An early recognition of the interests of the meat producers of this country and the adoption of policies which will materially assist in placing meat production on a conservatively profitable basis will surely augment their prosperity. I have not overlooked the fact that the interests referred to have made some attempts to encourage livestock production, but they have not looked to the permanency of the business; they have been thinking pri- marily of their own immediate profit. The time will come when the producer will be looked upon as the most necessary factor. The producer is fast becoming sufficiently intelli- gent to cease to be a producer of anything which is produced at a loss. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 129 Meat production will never occupy a permanent place in American agriculture until it is placed upon a more stable basis. The clamour of the consumer for cheap meat gets a more ready audience than the cry of the producer for a reasonably certain profit. The writer does not overlook the fact that the widespread demand for meat by the masses will depend largely upon the price of meat as compared with other articles of food. It is for the interest of the pro- ducer, therefore, that meat be sold over the block at as low a price as is consistent with allowing every necessary factor in the trade a reasonable profit. If there are unnecessary factors in the trade, and if any neces- sary factor is getting too large a proportion of profit, these facts should become common knowledge, and some way should be found to eliminate them and distribute the profits. These are matters for careful investiga- tion. Producers do not possess enough facts upon which to base intelli- gent action. Is it not safe to assume that the meat producer does not ask to be subsidized? Nor does he demand an unreasonable profit. His chief diffi- culty is that in the present disorganized condition of the meat producing industry, he can not insist on or demand anything, not even his rights. If he profits by his ventures, he takes it as a streak of good luck; if he loses, he grumbles some, but finally accepts it as inevitable. These losses have been getting more common, and hence the general tendency is away. How can we consistently advocate more general livestock production when it takes the expert to come anywhere near hitting the high point of the market? We find a strong market prevails for a limited time only, to be followed by a prolonged dull market, these changes frequently oc- curring without the certain argument of an increased demand and short supply, or vice versa. To be sure, the producers are sometimes at fault in precipitating or at least aggravating these conditions; but not always. Producers could here plan to be as well informed as to supply and demand as other interests are. | In my judgment, the problem of making it possible to produce profit- ably in the corn belt a large amount of meat, that can be sold at a price which the masses can afford to pay, is a larger question than that of improving our export demand, as helpful as that may be. It will not be long before it will be a very live question whether the stockmen of this country wish to permit meat grown on the cheap lands of other countries to compete with their products in the markets of the United States. I refer to meats bound to be produced in large quantities in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil and farther north countries of South and Central America. Consumers must sooner or later reconcile themselves to at least the present scale of prices for meats. In other words, the era of cheap meats has passed. With the rise in price of meat, consumers in the United States will clamour for the opportunity to purchase the cheaper meats of those countries. Bear in mind that there will be no one who will be particularly concerned except the meat producer. Not the packer; because he is fast becoming the principal factor in the meat trade 9 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE in these newer sources of meat supply. Not the retailer; because he will be able to realize as great a profit on foreign meat as on the domestic product. This, then, is essentially a problem for the producer. But I must not dwell longer on these facts. It can not be too strongly emphasized that the importance of live- stock production as a means of maintaining agricultural prospertiy is clearly indicated by the history of nations. A mere comparison of the types of farmers found in England, Scotland, Denmark and Holland with the peasant wheat-growers of Russia or with the wheat and rice farmers of India, is sufficient to illustrate the close relationship between livestock and agricultural progress. Livestock production necessitates rotation of crops and frequent seeding down. It requires activity and skillful management the year around. It compels the farmers to observe market conditions. It brings him in contact with men both as a buyer and as a seller. It enlarges his heart, and broadens his sympathies beyond the routine of sowing, cul- tivating and reaping. Grain farming, on the other hand, leads to continuous cropping without proper rotations. It eliminates meadows and pastures. It involves the strenuous life for a short season of the year, followed by a long period of inactivity. It creates an itinerant laboring class and stimulates tenantry rather than permanent farm homes. It fosters the land-robbing spirit. Corn farmers, wheat farmers, cotton farmers, rice farmers, grain farmers as a class, are strongly led to overdraw their soil fetility account, for most men engaged in exclusive grain growing manifest small interest in a permanent agriculture. The history of agriculture in this and other coun- tries shows that the livestock producers have taken a leading part in ef- forts to maintain and increase the fertility of soils, and in my judgment the livestock producers can now be relied upon more than any other class of farmers to carry forward the gospel and practice of the highest type of permanent agriculture. While it is conceded that permanent maintenance of soil fertility with- out livestock is possible, it is not practicable as a statewide policy because it is not the highest type of agriculture and because few farmers can be induced to comply with all the conditions necessary to make it effective. While grain farming will ultimately supplant livestock husbandry where conditions make such a system of agriculture practicable, it should be resorted to only when and where livestock husbandry proves less profitable, able. A very considerable extension of livestock farming in the corn belt would materially increase the cash output from her farms and at the same time save millions to the future wealth of the corn belt by keeping on the farm a large percentage of the fertility that is now sold off in the form of corn, oats and hay. It should be clearly borne in mind that if stock farming is reduced, the need for grain is also reduced and the profits of grain farming will decline as well as the fertility of the land. The production of livestock is a sup- plement to grain growing — a further possible, entirely feasible and profit- ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 131 able step — a farm manufacturing process which converts raw material and by-products into more concentrated, valuable finished animal products, which readily command a cash market. It is a supplement to and not a substitute for grain growing. It not only increases the income, but also, and at the same time, lessens the removal of plant food from the farm. It is an enterprise which aids materially in the development of a well balanced agriculture. The interests of all parties, therefore, demand that instead of allowing livestock farming to decline, it is for the best interests of all that it should now be further developed. The problem of a permanently profitable agriculture that is worth while is a problem of the farmer as well as a problem of the farm; and no other factor exerts such a profound influence upon the development of the farmer as the ownership of livestock. In other words, it should not be lost sight of that aside from all elements of profit, the establishment and maintenance of systems of farming involving the large use of live- stock means that inevitably farms will be occupied by men and women of a high order of intelligence with a full appreciation of the best standards of country life. H. J. Waters, President of Kansas State Agricultural College, delivered an address on "The Role of the American Farmer." It is a matter of great regret to the officers of the association that they are unable to publish President "Waters' address. Thinking that he was speaking from manuscript, the stenographer did not take notes. Upon motion of A. L. Ames, a rising vote of thanks was given President Waters for his address. R. J. Kinzer, Professor of Animal Husbandry, Kansas State Agricultural College, and formerly of Marshall county, Iowa, spoke as follows: HOW THE CHAMPION STEER WAS FED. I'ROF. R. J. KINZEB, MANHATTAN, KAN. A month or so ago, Mr. Simpson wrote me a letter in which he compli- mented very highly the exhibit of fat cattle made last year by the Kan- sas Agricultural College. He also stated that he had looked over the Kan- sas steer exhibit this year at the American Royal, and was sure that Kansas would again have the grand champion steer at the International show. I regret exceedingly that the management of the International show did not choose Mr. Simpson to judge the fat steers this year instead of sending to Ireland for a judge, for, had Mr. Simpson been the judge, I am sure that I could have told you how the grand champion was fed and handled. You are doubtless all familiar with the results of the re- cent International show, and as the champion was not fed on Kansas al- falfa, I am therefore not prepared to give you anything on the subject as- signed to me. Perhaps, however, you are not all contemplating the feeding and fitting of grand champion steers in the individual classes, and are equally, or 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE perhaps more, interested in the production of good commercial cattle and beef than in show steers. A little more than seven years ago I left this, my native state, and at that time it would have been hard to have made me believe that there was a better place for the production of good cattle and good beef than in Iowa. However, I am now inclined to believe that not quite all of the world's beef supply is produced in Iowa pastures or in Iowa feed lots, or that beef can be produced any cheaper or any better in Iowa than it is possible to do elsewhere. Kansas as a state is eminently fitted by nature for a livestock state. The climate is mild, and it does not require the expensive barns and sheds that are necessary in many sections of the country to keep stock comfort- able. Her soil and the feeds that it produces are conducive to strong, healthy, hearty and vigorous cattle. The varieties of grasses and grains produced are fully as great as can be found in any state, and this, together with a good climate, good transportation facilities, and two good livestock markets on her borders, make the state an ideal place for the production of good cattle. I had been accustomed all my life to the best of blue grass and clover pastures, and it looked a little hard to see cattle grazing over what seemed to be very scant and in many cases almost bare, rough, stony pastures. But when these cattle came in in the fall, after having made a gain of from 300 to 400 pounds on grass alone, one soon realized that the grass is much better than it at first appears to be. The cheapest beef that we are pro- ducing today is made in this manner. It is not at all uncommon to have steers make from 350 to 400 pounds of gain on a pasture of this prairie grass, without grain at all, and this in a comparatively short grazing sea- son, as this native grass does not make pasture early, nor is it the best of late pasture. A good many of the feeders in the central and eastern portions of the state are abandoning the practice of full feeding in winter altogether, and are depending very largely on grass to finish their cattle. A few are feed- ing corn while the cattle are on grass, but a majority of them are quite gen- erally using cottonseed meal or cake in place of corn for pasture feeding, with very satisfactory and profitable gains. For summer grazing, the high, rough or rolling pasture is considered more desirable than a low, level one. It is seldom that there is not a good, gentle breeze blowing over these high pastures, and the hotter the day, the higher up the cattle are found, and even though they can not get a full mouthful of grass at every nip, they seem perfectly contented, and flies are almost unheard of on cattle on pasture of this kind — at least, there are not enough of them to bother the cattle, for it is very seldom that you will see a tail switching. In late August and early September, I have seen fatter cattle driven from such pastures as these than I ever saw go off the best blue grass and clover pasture in Iowa. With the increasing price of lands and of feeds, the production of profitable beef to the grower is by no means • as easy as it was twenty ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 133 years ago. "We have, in the last few years, heard much about the scar- city of cattle, a decrease in our meat exports, that the production of meats in this country is not keeping pace with the population, and that it would only he a few years until, as a nation, we would be importers of meat, rather than exporters. One has but to travel over the west and study conditions to realize that we are not producing near the number of good cattle that this country is capable of producing. I dare say that Iowa is not producing all the cattle that it would be possible for her to produce, and that she has not made the improvement in her herds in the last twenty years that might have been possible for her to have made. "With land worth from $100 to $250 an acre, of course every one will know it is no longer profitable to breed and grow the type of cattle that it takes four or five years to mature. It seems necessary, therefore, that more attention should be given to the types of cattle that we are pro- ducing, to the type of cattle that is demanded in our best markets, and to the most economical methods of producing and maturing them. The man who is keeping on $100-an-acre land no better class of cattle than he kept when land was worth from $25 to $30, is not producing beef at a profit for himself or doing anything for the advancement of cattle in general. It is high time that more attention should be given to the breeding and producing of a better class of beef cattle. The common scrub herds of cows that can be found in almost any state in the central west are not a credit to the state in which they are found, not a credit to the beef cattle interests of the country, and undoubtedly will not give a profitable return to their owners. Iowa boasts of having more good, pure-bred stock than any other state in the Union; but it would not be necessary to travel very far in the state to find herds of cows that you would not be proud to say you owned. If you will study the conditions in the range country, and note how fast the large breeding ranges are being broken up, and think that it is only going to be a few years more that you will be able to go to the river markets and buy your feeders, you will more fully realize why special attention should be given to the improvement of your native cattle. We frequently hear it stated that there are better cattle to be found on some of our western ranges today than are found in some of the best farming districts of the country, and this statement is abso- lutely true. The best range owners have culled their herds much closer and use much better sires than a majority of the farmers have done who owned small bunches of cows. I visited a ranch in the southwest this fall where there were 1,200 cows of breeding age, but I do not believe it would be possible to go through any herds in Iowa and duplicate it outside of your pure-bred herds. For the last seven or eight years two hundred of the poorest cows have been taken out of the herd each year and two hundred of the best heifer calves retained. How many of the herds throughout the central states have received a culling of as large a percentage as this? The bulls that have been used in this herd have cost an average of 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE $250, and the result is that it is a herd of very uniform, good-producing cows, that would be hard to duplicate anywhere. It was one of the best examples that I ever had of an opportunity to see of the result of the result of the use of good blood and judicious selection. The farmer who has a small herd of cows is not altogether to blame that his herd has not been improved more than it has in the past few years. Far too many breeders of pure-bred cattle are not culling their herds at all, and too frequently we hear the statement that a poor bull is good enough for a farmer to use who has a dozen or fifteen cows. The the poorer the man's bunch of cows, the better bull he should buy, for it is much cheaper and much quicker to get improvement through the use of a good sire than through the cow herd. Another reason why many of the cattle that come from the western ranges today are not better and more satisfactory feeders than we find them to be is due to the fact that many pure-bred breeders think that any bull is good enough to go to the range. They should realize that sooner or later the offspring from these inferior bulls, that never should be used for breeding purposes, will come back to them as feeding cattle, and they should take upon themselves a large share of the blame for these inferior feeders that we so frequently see in the river markets. There is no means by which the beef cattle in this country could be more quickly and permanently improved than if all the breeders of pure-bred cattle wiould cull their herds from twenty-five to fifty per cent. One of the best sheep breeders of England was once asked how many rams he would have to breed before finding one good enough for his own use. His reply was that he would not find more than one in four hundred. What improvement would the breeders of pure-bred corn have made if they would have saved each ear of corn they raised as seed? They tell us that from an acre of corn yielding from fifty to sixty bushels they are only able to get from three to five bushels of No. 1 seed. If there is any reason, then, for the old law that like produces like, and we expect to improve our breeds of beef cattle, we should not expect to keep for breeding purposes every male calf that is dropped, but rather cull them, and cull them very severely. Even though the west was producing as many cattle as it once did, and was to continue to produce the same number, it is time that the farmers throughout the central states were keeping more stock for the sake of keeping their lands fertile, and unless more stock is kept, per- haps some of us will live to see the day when Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas are buying commercial fertilizers, as is now being done by the New England states. But I do not believe the subject of commer- cial fertilizers needs as serious consideration at this time as does the subject of where we are to get our good feeding cattle in the next few years, and we continually hear the complaint that it is harder each year to find good feeding cattle than it was the year before. Not long ago I saw a trai'nload of cattle unloaded that were shipped up from Old Mexico. Many of them were seven and eight years old, ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 135 and some of them perhaps ten or twelve. A few of them had been work oxen and were wearing shoes. The whole drove would not have aver- aged more than 750 or 775 pounds. They perhaps cost from $5 to $7 per head in Mexico, and the man who bought them said he did it because he was unable to find anything else that could be bought at a reason- able price. How he expects to make money out of this bunch, I do not know. It seems to me that every man who is interested in the pro duction of good beef should, as soon as possible, get hold of a good bunch of the very best bred beef cows it is possible for him to find, and get just as many as his farm will carry; raise his own feeders, and feed them out as yearlings, rather than to handle the class of cattle that it takes three or four years to mature. This class of cattle can cer- tainly be handled with greater profits, and, at the same time furnish our markets with a much more desirable class of beef. As soon as it is possible to get the producers to producing a better class of cattle and the feeders to giving more careful attention to the feeds they use and the manner in which they feed, we will hear less complaint about it not being profitable to feed cattle. Corn, of course, throughout the corn belt states, must always be largely used in our feeding operations, but there are many other feeds that should receive some attention, and many combinations of feed will be made that will give more profitable returns than corn alone. I do not know how generally in this state you are using cottonseed meal or cake. Possibly freight rates here are somewhat against its use, but we find it one of the most economical feeds that we can use for fattening cattle at present prices. Some years ago there was a decided prejudice against cottonseed meal, and many reported disastrous results, and in some cases loss from using it, and especially loss from hogs that were follow- ing cattle fed on cottonseed. However, there has been very little com- plaint of this kind in the last few years, and many of our best feeders are using it very extensively, both for summer and winter feeding, and feeding it for a much longer period than was a few years ago considered possible to do. We find that from feeding from three to five pounds of cottonseed meal daily with corn, we can make larger and more eco- nomical gains than by feeding corn alone. A few years ago bran was used by many successful feeders, but that was in a time when it was milled with the old stone burrs. With the improved types of machinery now used in most flouring mills, there is but very little fattening ma- terial left in bran. I am very doubtful whether or not it can be eco- nomically used for general cattle feeding. It undoubtedly has its place in the breeding herd, and will probably be found very useful in the feeding of a grand champion steer. Oats, also, probably has its place in the breeding herd and also in the show herd, but it is doubtful whether or not it can be used to the best advantage in the feed lot. With us it is not nearly so generally raised as in this state, and we have very largely made alfalfa take it place. Oil meal and many other by-products can oftentimes be used to good advantage, and very profitably used, and in making up a grain 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ration with feeds as high as they are at present, these things should all receive careful consideration. Oftentimes it may be found profitable to sell some crop that is grown on the farm and use some of these by- products in its place. Many feeders, I believe, have made a mistake by feeding too much and too good a grade of roughages to their cattle after they are put into the feed lot. We have feeders in our state piling alfalfa hay into their feed racks that is worth $9 and $10 per ton, and allowing their cattle to consume all of it that they will, when they might be making better gains by using half as much expensive hay and utilizing some cheaper class of roughness. One of the best and most successful feeders that I know of, and a man who lives in one of the best alfalfa sections, has almost abandoned the use of alfalfa in his feed lot, and claims that he can make better and cheaper gains by using a cheaper class of roughness. This is especially true where cattle from the southwest are being fed. These cattle have been raised on the shortest grass that grows, and a grass that is very nutritious. They have not been accustomed to handling large quantities of feed, but rather have always had their rations in a more concentrated form, and it will be found that they will usually make much better gains if you can get them to eat more grain and less bulky rough- ness. We frequently hear a complaint from feeders in the blue grass and clover sections of the country about these southwestern cattle not grazing satisfactorily, and it is not to be wondered at. When these cattle have been grazed for three or four years on buffalo grass, you can hardly expect them to go onto a large, rank growth of blue grass and clover, that contains a very large per cent of water, and expect them to handle enough of it to make satisfactory and economical gains. There are many questions in connection with the feeding, and pro- duction of beef cattle that need to be considered very carefully, and if we would think of our cattle as being machines for the changing of the rough, raw products of the farm into a more marketable condition, and would give the same attention to get these machines of the most im- proved and up-to-date types, as has been done with many of our tools and machines now in use on our best farms, and would then give a little more ' attention to putting the most economical kinds and mixtures of feeds into these machines, we would hear less complaint about the cattle business being unprofitable, less talk about us soon importing beef instead of exporting it; and we would continue to have meat on our tables three times a day. Mr. Gunn: Each time Professor Kinzer mentioned, cottonseed meal, he called it "cake." I would like to know what he means by cake. Professor Kinzer: There are several brands of cottonseed cake on the market. You can buy it in nut or pea size or any size you want. We prefer it to the meal; there is very little difference in the value. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 137 • Mr. Wallace : It is in the form of a cake first, and has to be broken up, and it is simply a question of how fine you grind it. Mr. Ounn : That seems to be very hard ; will cattle readily eat it? Professor Kinzer: Yes, they like it. For outside feeding, I would much prefer to have it. Mr. Cunn : Suppose you are feeding a breeding herd — one that you registered, but you want to raise good breeding cattle ; would it be safe to feed them very much of that cottonseed meal in con- nection with ensilage? Professor Kinzer : I think the use of cottonseed meal is going to become a very general for breeding cattle in the next few years. Some of our very best breeders are using it to quite an extent with yearling steers. By feeding them a pound and a half — maybe two pounds a little later — they find that they go out on the pastures the next season and graze much better than if they had been win- tered on corn or alfalfa alone. It seems to give them strength that they can't get out of any other feed. I saw a bunch of four hun- dred breeding cows wintered last winter on four pounds of cotton- seed meal, without any shelter, and every cow was ready for market the last of July. Mr. Nicholas : The professor has given us a very able paper on feeding in general; but he did not tell us how the champion steer was fed. I want to know how it was done. President Sykes: We will have to call on Professor Curtis, I think. Professor Curtiss : I might answer that question as I have sev- eral times before. I tendered a little complimentary dinner to the judge after the judging was over, at which he took occasion to compliment Shamrock II very highly, and they called upon me to tell how it happened. I told them it was very simple and dead easy ; that to begin with, we bought a calf from Pat Donohoe ; then we named him Shamrock, and then we showed him before a most excellent judge from Tipperary. You can see that this is a combin- ation hard to beat. I want to say while I am on the floor that, while we are proud of our steers, and I am naturally gratified at being able to produce a grand champion, as anyone would be, Ave are also proud of our boys. We are proud of boys like Professor Kinzer, who have gone out from our school and rendered such excellent service in other states. Professor Kinzer is one of the Ames boys that the whole state of Iowa is proud of, and he himself belongs in the grand 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE champion class. The boys, as you all know, are worth more than the steers, and I want to congratulate you, gentlemen of this asso- ciation, upon this excellent program and the unusually sound and good addresses you have had here. I want to congratulate this association upon the excellent work that you have been doing, not only recently, but for a number of years past, in holding to the old ideas (I call them old because a good many of the farmers have been getting away from them) , of feeding the products of the farm on the farm and converting them into high-class meat products. We have had, according to the census report that has been partially got- ten out, an increase of 122% in the value of Iowa farm lands in the past ten years. That seems like a marvelous increase, and yet I ven- ture the prediction that if we were to convert all of the surplus grains and grain products and by-products of the grain produced on Iowa farms into high-class meat and dairy products, and market the surplus on the farm rather than in the raw state for the next ten or fifteen years, our lands would advance 200 per cent. T have that faith in the agriculture of the Mississippi valley, if we keep along right lines. The feature, above all others, that has made Iowa the foremost agricultural state is the fact that she has always not only produced more agricultural products per acre, or a greater output for the state as a whole, but that she has fed a much larger percentage of that product on the farms of Iowa than any other state in the Union. That is the work that you people are en- gaged in ; it is the work that you have given so much intelligent thought and consideration to. We have found in recent years that it has been much harder to get to the top at the International and other competitive exhibits than it was originally. We have found, too, that our strongest competitors are coming from the boys who have gone out from Iowa and from Ames. One winning at the International this year that I think you people are directly interested in was the short-fed special class, won by an Ames boy, who is a feeder over in Clinton county. He won with a carload of steers that was by far the best carload of short-fed special steers that has ever been seen at the In- ternational or any other show. They were the ripest and best bunch of cattle, for that length of feeding, that I ever saw, without any exception, and you ought to have that young man here to tell you how he fed those steers. He has grown up in the feeding belt of eastern Iowa, and comes from a family of cattlemen, being a nephew of Mr. Ingwersen, one of the leading cattleman of the Union Stockyards, Chicago. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 139 In regard to this question of feeding, and this whole question of reproduction on the farm, Professor Kinzer has pointed out that the conditions are changing, so that it is going to be more diffi- cult in the future to secure the feeding stock than it has been in the past. The range is practically eliminated, or is being eliminated, as a source of supply for feeders, and the question that naturally confronts the feeder is, where will he get the stock? Inevitably it must be produced in the corn belt states to a larger degree than in the past, and that means that the cattle must be bred upon the farms to a larger extent than they have been in the past. There, in itself, is a problem that may be a difficult one. Most of the farmers have comparatively quit breeding feeding cattle, because they felt that they could buy them in the feeder markets cheaper than they could raise them on the farm ; and there is the old question of whether or not it pays to keep a cow on the farm merely for the calf that she will raise for beef-feeding purposes. The majority of the farmers have answered this in the negative. If it does not, where will the feeding cattle come from? I believe that the cattle will be raised upon the farms to a larger extent than they have been in the past, but I believe it will be a different kind of cattle; it must necessarily be a different kind. The grand champion steer or calf this year presents the modern type ; and while, of course, we can't all attain that degree of excellence that we find in the grand champion, there is something significant in the type. Someone asked us if we showed that steer last year. I said no. He was not born last year at the time of the International. He was not born until the latter part of January, and yet he went into the International show this year, a little over eleven months old, weighing over 1,100 pounds; and at the end of the show he weighed 1,120 pounds. He kept up his gain of four pounds a day during the show. He was of the very heavy, low-down, early-ma- turing type of cattle that we must have on high priced land. He had the maximum digestive and feeding capacities, and he was able to consume and convert into high-class product a large amount of feed daily; and it is that class of cattle that we must give more attention to as we produce beef on high-priced land, and on land that must necessarily continue to be high-priced. The old class of cattle that were long and lank and that were late in maturing are not the class of cattle that can be produced profitably under our modern conditions, and especially under the conditions that are to prevail in the future. When those cattle were grown on the cheap 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE lands of the west, and the frames were produced on the very cheap- est feed and under conditions that made it comparatively inexpen- sive, the farmer or feeder could buy them and put them into the feed lot and feed them out at a profit ; but when we come to grow them on the farm and feed high-priced products all the time, and take care of them with high-priced labor, it is altogether a different problem; and, as Professor Kinzer has emphasized, we may well give attention to the improvement of our stock, and I believe that along that line is one of the ways in which we must emphasize the importance of more economical production. Mr. Nicholas: It appears to me that these gentlemen don't like to answer the question I ask for fear that some farmer might go in and take the trophy away from the college. They go out among the farmers and buy up those calves. Professor Kennedy went down to Pat Donohoe, of Holbrook, and bought that calf — or had him thrown in — and made a champion steer out of him. "We would like to know how that was done — what feed was used. We don't care whether it was done profitably; we would like to know how it was done. Professor Curtiss: I didn't go into the details of that for this reason : Naturally, of course, the methods we use in making a grand champion would not be practicable in feeding steers for the ordi- nary market. I may say that it was profitable to produce the steer — it was highly profitable ; but naturally a very great advantage fol- lows the grand champion animal. Being a young animal, the basis of his ration was milk, and he had plenty of it. There isn 't any ra- tion that will put a young animal forward as fast as milk, and all the milk that he is capable of taking without deranging digestion. Of course, it is possible to crowd too much milk into a calf, and to get the ration unbalanced ; but if you are forcing a calf there is nothing equal to a liberal amount of milk, and naturally that is used in forcing all young animals ahead. In addition to that, we got him to take just as much good feed as we could, and we fed him every- thing he would eat. In general, I will say this in regard to feeding champion steers : that we don't feed them— especially the older ones — in such a dif- fert way from what you best feeders would feed your steers. We aim to give them plenty of good, wholesome feed, and corn is al- ways the basis of our rations. Probably, however, we do not feed as large a proportion of it as the average steer feeder. We supple- ment that with linseed oil meal and cottonseed meal. We use good ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 141 hay, but a limited amount. "We don't undertake to load the ani- mal up with an excess of bulky feed, but give sufficient bulky feed to lighten the ration and put it in the best condition for digestion. Tn addition to that, we always adopt the practice of finishing our show steers for about sixty days on what we called a "boiled dinner." We know that doesn't pay from the or- dinary standpoint; that is, we find that we don't get any larg- er returns for a pound of cooked feed than we do from feed- ing uncooked feed ; but we do find that we are able to put a little better degree of finish on our animals by it. And then we feed roots. The average farmer doesn't consider it profitable to feed roots, and in ordinary cattle feeding it would not be ; but answering this gentleman's question, when you are feeding for the grand championship you don't want to leave out anything that can possibly make the animal a bit better, because, if you do, you will find that the other fellow has put it in. If you go into the game you have to go in to the limit, and to begin with, you have to have the right kind of an animal; if you don't you had better not start. There are a great many high-class animals that will get pretty near the top, and not get quite high enough. It is exceed- ingly difficult to get a load of steers good enough to get the grand championship. Mr. Hall has been feeding for eight or ten years. We purchased a steer out of Mr. Hall's load after they had been sold and were on the way to the slaughter house. We fed him a year, and he went back and won the grand championship ; but there is very seldom a steer among a carload lot that is good enough to be fed out and become a grand champion. The grand champion steers are exceedingly rare. They have to be bred right, and they have to be of the right type and quality; and then they have to be carried on to just the right degree of finish with the utmost skill. The same is true, of course, of the grand champion load. One of the most interesting loads was the short-bred special. I don't know of any bunch of cattle being fed for that length of time that has been developed to the degree of ripeness that Mr. Federson's cattle were this year, and if any of you people were in there, you will confirm my statement. A Member: What was the length of the feed of that carload? Professor Curtiss : From the first of August, I believe. It is about a ninety-day feed. It can't be over that. Mr. Wallace : To what extent is the exhibition of the individual steers educational? In other words, in view of the way you have 142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE described the feeding of the champion steer, what is the average feeder in this room to learn from that contest? Professor Curtiss : One thing is the kind of cattle that it takes to reach that degree of early maturity that will enable them to bring high prices in short feeding periods. Mr. Wallace : I am referring to the individual championship. Professor Curtiss : That is true of the individual and collect- ively : the type of cattle that we find each year in the grand cham- pionship, that will take on that quality and that finish which com- mands a high selling price and which gives a high-priced product on the block. We all know that there would not be, perhaps, a vast amount of difference between a grand champion steer carcass when it goes on the block and one that was ranked a little below him. Sometimes the grand champion steers are fed to a point be- yond the highest utility of the carcass. But, after all, there is that lesson of early maturity and quality which we must develop in our cattle, and without that such a load as the short-fed specials could never have been made. The old style of feeding, by putting cattle into the feed lot and shoveling corn to them for a year, or a good part of it, has passed away, and the men that have made the most money in feeding cattle in recent years are those that have made the best cattle with the shortest feeding period; and that is the lesson we learn from the tests of the International, both in the individual and the carload classes. Mr. Wallace: I felt justified in asking that question because in our papers we have been urging everybody to go to the Interna- tional. We have been holding that out as the great gathering place where people could learn about the best livestock and the best methods of feeding, especially. Now the professor has told us about feeding this champion steer, from which it appears that he had the milk from two nurse cows, and that his grain ration consisted during the last two months — I think longer than that, according to the statement sent out by Professor Kennedy — of boiled wheat and oats. The ques- tion arises, just what educational benefit is there to the average farmer and feeder who goes to see that steer? As the professor said, the method used in feeding him is not the practical method for you to use in your feed lots. It would appear from this state- ment that to make a champion steer you must first have the money to travel around and locate a steer that has in him the making of a champion; second, you must be a good enough judge to know ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 143 that steer when you see him; third, you must he ahle to hire an expert feeder who can fix up his dope and give it to him as often as he will take it, and keep him groomed, and then exhibit him. I would like to have Professor Kinzer tell us what he fed his steer. Did you feed boiled stuff, or what? Professor Kinzer : We fed Kansas corn and alfalfa. Mr. Smith : It seems to me that there is one phase of the dis- cussion that is being neglected. It is all very well to be able to produce a champion steer, or to produce a carload of steers that will sell to advantage; but I think one of the gentlemen stated — perhaps it was the president — that we are receiving in the neigh- borhood of thirty-eight per cent of what the consumer pays for the stuff. The first gentleman that addressed us this afternoon said that the logical outcome of American farming (not in just those words, but that was what he meant) is smaller farms. Now, can we go on and produce beef on thirty-eight per cent of what the consumer pays for it 1 ? It seems to me that there are problems coming up before us that require as much thought as how to make the most beef or the most pork. This association, with the help of others, undertook to find a way in which our products could be sold, and we receive more than thirty-eight per cent of what the consumer paid for them, but we failed. What next? Are we to go on and spend our energies in the production of meat for thirty-eight per cent of what the consumer pays for it, when this association was organized for the express purpose of finding better markets and better conditions for what we do produce? President Waters : The last speaker has certainly put his finger on a very important phase of this subject, and I am glad to see the association here engaged in that investigation. There has been very little of it done. I have been following that up myself as best I could. I do these things as a side issue — as a diversion — - since I have quit the beef -feeding business. There is a tremendous amount of waste going on in our handling of the stock, including the farmers' handling of it, and particularly after it leaves his hands. I don't know how it is here, but at Manhattan, which is right near the great grazing country where hundreds of thousands of cattle are grazed, a man never thinks of going down there to buy cattle to feed ; but he goes to Kansas City. Those cattle are shipped to Kansas City, and then they are shipped back — within fifty miles and oftentimes within ten miles of where they were bred — to be fed again ; and then they are shipped from there to Kansas City and 144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to Chicago to be slaughtered, and then probably shipped right back over the same road again to consumers. In other words, the spread between what the farmer gets for his livestock and what the con- sumer pays is entirely too large in this country; it is out of all proportion to the spread in other countries. The local farmer in Saxony or in Switzerland leads his bullock to the public abattoir maintained by the government, with a government inspector. He may sell the carcass to the butcher, or use it himself. Moreover, we have a tremendous waste in our way of buying meat. The consumer is partly responsible for this. We go to the telephone and order a five-cent soup bone and want it sent out immediately; let our bills run thirty or sixty days, and maybe don't pay them at all. The butcher pays spot cash to the farmer for the animals, and thus it takes a good deal of capital to run his business. Moreover, we demand high-priced cuts. "We demand sirloin and tenderloin, and all that sort of thing, and the neck and trimmings are a drug on the market. In Europe the house- wife either goes personally or sends a servant to buy the meat, and they buy a great many of these cheap cuts — some good cuts — ■ and pay spot cash, and carry them home themselves ; and thus the expense of handling is a great deal less. Whether or not there is a meat trust in the country; whether the packers are getting more out of this than they ought to get; whether there is an undue amount of profit made here and there — there are certainly too many profits in this business, and the stock is moved back and forth and there is a tremendous amount of expense. The cotton boll-weevil is threatening to destroy the cotton busi- ness in the south, and the government and the state agricultural colleges in the south have men scattered all over the country, trying to induce people to go into the livestock business, and Louisiana is becoming one of the great corn-producing states of the Union. But how can the south go into the livestock business, when their nearest market for their cattle is St. Louis or Chicago, and when the equivalent of that must be shipped back to those people to eat? Whether there is anything wrong about it, it is uneconomical, and, without blaming anybody, it is unbusinesslike ; and we will have to get down to brass tacks and stop this waste before we will get into a position where the consumer can pay the price necessary to enable the farmer to make a reasonable profit on his livestock. The whole thing could be laid bare by a systematic investigation — dispassionate — without prejudice to anybody. ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 145 When you stop to think about it, suppose you slaughter at Ames or Manhattan : what are you going to do with the blood ? You can feed it to the hogs to better advantage than to use it as a fertilizer, as they do in the packing house. It is not necessary to send that steer to Chicago and ship it back, and lose five pounds of casings. or head trimmings that that animal would produce. You take the steer and divide it up, and you find that the cost of sending that animal to market and shipping it back, adding to it two or three days' time that the feeder must devote to that, and railroad fare that he is paying one way, is insignificant in comparison with what it costs to produce that steer. We might have central plants and ship the animals there. Mr. Doran : I want to congratulate the Corn Belt Meat Pro- ducers for having struck the keynote at last. We know how to make meat, but, as Mr. Smith says, there ought to be more profit than thirty-eight per cent in the production of beef or pork. We sold hogs in Boone County at six and one-fourth cents when our neighbor paid thirty-five cents for bacon. It seems to me that the middleman has the big end of the deal. The solution of that prob- lem I think has been pretty well put before* this association by a gentleman in this room — one of the organizers of this association. He has time and again told us that we should build slaughter houses and cure our own meat. He has had some experience in building slaughter houses, but they have disappeared in the fire. I would like to hear again from Mr. Ryan, of Fort Dodge, and revive this old subject of discussion. Mr. Ryan : Mr. Chairman and members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, I am always pleased to have an opportunity to address the original insurgents of Iowa. That little band of a half dozen men who met at the Kirkwood House a few years ago has grown to have the ability to make more noise — at least in de- manding the rights of the farmer and stockman — than the same number of men that ever met at any time or in any country; and I am glad to know that they are going on with that association in a way to perpetuate it. I have been advocating the establishment of packing plants in Iowa because I know the fellows who have made money out of the business. I know that Mr. Cudahy came here from Ireland a poor boy, and he didn't know so very much more than the rest of us Irish; but he died the other day worth nearly $100,000,000, and he made it all out of you farmers. He made it all by giving Mr, 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Doran and the rest of you thirty-eight per cent. I remember George Horner when he was buying hides up at our town about twenty years ago on a salary of $75 a month. He went up to Austin, and he and another man started in the packing business with a capital of $1,200. The city gave them an old creamery, and they started up killing hogs, established a city market, and today Mr. Horner has a plant at Austin worth half a million dol- lars, that he has made there in the last twenty years. I know that all of the independent packing houses have been prospering ; and I know that today, through the efforts of this organization, they will prosper, because this organization has made it impossible for the other fellows and the railroads to discriminate against them. It has made it possible for them to get favorable rates inside the state, and if they are not favorable enough, we propose to see that they are made so. For that reason, I can't understand why any- body should hesitate to interest himself in preparing the products of his farm so as to be able to hand them over to the consumer. Why, gentlemen, the people in the state don't want your hogs and cattle; they can't eat them. They can eat your potatoes and your butter, but they can 't eat your steers and your hogs ; they want meat. Simply to go through the process of killing and pre- paring the meats, you send them to Chicago and pay freight on them and ship them back here ; and I tell you candidly that I have eaten better bacon and better ham at the farm houses in this state, prepared in the old-fashioned way and smoked in the little smoke- house, than Swift or Armour ever put up in the world. The next thing you will be doing is to send your cows to Chicago to have them milked. I have talked about this project of organizing a packing plant for the stock, but couldn 't get anybody interested in it ; and so I concluded that I would go at it myself ; and after I found a man, with whom I was well acquainted, who had had twenty-two years of experience in the business, and I knew that I was right, we tried it. We started to build, and had the misfortune of being burned out about the time we were ready to start. We rebuilt again, and met the same fate. This time we are building a plant that wouldn't burn if it was located in Hades. A great many of the farmers and stockmen up in our country have stock with us. We have a standing invitation for all of you to come in on the ground floor. There are no favorites, and you will get the same kind of stock that I have and that everybody else has; and then ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 147 you will find out for yourselves whether Mr. Doran gets thirty- eight per cent, or who does get it. There is no reason why we should not grow from that one plant to organizing anywhere that we want to. and make them as big as we want to. We have the raw materia] right in our own state; we have the market at our doors. The day before our plant burned, one of our men started out and sold seven beeves between Fort Dodge and Des Moines, and had seven or eight men coming to the factory to buy meat. We killed just one load of cattle the day before the fire. We had out three salesmen, and they told us that every place they went the butchers and grocerymen were as anxious to see them and to patronize the home institution as we were to have them. Your fathers and my father used to kill their hogs and their beeves at home, and it doesn't seem to me that we should have to send our stock off to big markets instead of killing them right here at home. Mr. Spaulding : I have just a word. The question has been asked, How are we going to get a larger per cent for our product? I will illustrate that by telling a little incident that I think one of our early statesmen told in regard to the tariff. He said there was one thing sure : if we bought our goods of other countries, we had the goods and they had the money ; if we bought the goods in our own country we had both the goods and the money. Now, gentlemen, I think that will work in the state of Iowa. Iowa, as you all know is one of the best farming states in the world. It is capable of supporting an immense number of workmen, and in place of sending our catle and our hogs and our grain to the east to support the workmen there, we should encourage manufacturers here in Iowa to make a home product. We have a market for the stuff we raise, and until we utilize that we shall give to the rail- roads their freights to and from the places where they have the slaughter houses and factories. The secret of the whole thing is to have factories established in Iowa, and make our own goods and feed our own mechanics. Mr. Cownie : With reference to high prices that the consumer pays for foreign produce, we are all agreed that there is altogether too much difference between what the producer receives and what the consumer pays. But it is not the packers alone that receive the profit. I presume you are all aware that I was a member of the Board of Control. I was formerly in the livestock business. I 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE fed and shipped to Chicago for nearly thirty years, and my char- acter was never impugned when I had a good lot of stock on the market. While I was on the Board we awarded contracts for bacon, receiving bids from the leading packers in Iowa, Chicago, Kansas City and Omaha, and I know what I am talking about. "We awarded contracts for bacon at twelve cents a pound, and I paid for not as good bacon in the City of Des Moines twenty-five cents over the counter. We bought corn-fed beef; we never purchased anything else if we could help it ; never purchased a western steer or a Texan if we knew it. All cattle had to weight 600 pounds dressed, and Texas and Mexican cattle don't weigh that. We were buying that beef at $7 and $8 a hundred, when I was paying 15 and 20 cents a pound for beef over the counter in Des Moines. We bought for our state institutions every six months from thirty to thirty-two tons of coffee. We paid for the best Santos coffee 12 cents a pound. I bought the same coffee in the city of Des Moines and paid 25 cents — more than double. We bought tea in four, six and eight ton lots at 28 cents a pound, and I bought the same tea from the same merchant in the City of Des Moines, paying 80 cents. So that it is not only in our own produce, but it is in everything else that we buy that there is such a large dif- ference between what the producer receives and what the con- sumer pays. I bought all-wool suits at $7.50, and I was criticized for buying too good articles for the wards of the state. I have no apologies to make. I have seen the identical suits sold in the city of Des Moines and marked $15. Now, there is just as much margin between the manufactured article that we purchase and the article that we produce, only we don't know it. You don't know anything about what the cloth on your back costs, or the shoes on your feet. We were buying shoes manufactured in Fort Dodge — as good a shoe as there is made — and still they didn't cost us one-half of what the same shoe sells for in the retail stores. So we meat producers are not alone in selling our own goods at the least possible price that we can be squeezed down to, and paying exorbitant prices for what we have to buy. It is not the packers alone who are making these enormous profits. I don't suppose the butchers purchased meat as low as we did, but I have asked butchers in this city what they paid for car- casses, and they said 9 and 10 cents a pound. We were buying in large quantities for six months at a time, and we were quoted below them, undoubtedly. At the same time, there is too large a ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 14JJ margin between what the producer receives and what the consumer pays. I have sonic grain down here in Iowa county, where I have my farms rented. I sold my oats down there at 29 cents; last week I was offered only 27 cents. I pay 45 cents a bushel in Des Moines xor oats for my chickens, and mine are better than the oats I get here. How can we avoid that great margin between the producer and the consumer? I agree with Mr. Ryan in regard to this meat pro- duction, that the bacon and hams that Armour and Swift and Cudahy make are no comparison to the kind we used to have on the farms when we made them ourselves. We salted the meat and smoked it in a little house. It was not dipped; it wasn't hard and dry like the meat we get now. You can't get a pound of bacon on the market today, no matter what you pay for it, that equals what we made in Iowa forty years ago. You can't get a piece of ham equal to what we smoked in the little old smokehouse with corncobs and hickory. But can each man now put up a little smokehouse and slaughter his hogs and go around peddling his own pork? You know we couldn't do it. If we should go into town and offer our own home-killed and home-cured products, the people who make such a howl about high prices would want to buy them for nothing. I remember when I was a boy selling eggs and butter around at the houses. I have sold lots of butter at six cents and eggs at three cents. The people would say, "Oh, I can buy that at the store for less money." The question is to get the con- sumers to believe that we are furnishing a better article than they could buy from the large packing houses. We must find a market for our own product after we have it ready. The convention thereupon adjourned. 15 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14. MORNING SESSION. President Sykes: We have with us this morning Mr. James E. Downing, who is connected with the Department of Agriculture at Washington, under our "Uncle Jim," as we call him. He is going to give us an address on "Cattle Raising in Central America." You know we had him before us last year, and we all enjoyed his address exceedingly, and I am sure we will appreciate this address, because Central America is a country that we don't know much about. I now have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Downing. THE CATTLE INDUSTRY OP CENTRAL AMERICA. BY JAMES E. DOWNING. To give you a more comprehensive and intelligent view of Central America, it will be necessary for me to digress somewhat from the subject assigned, and explain the conditions surrounding the industry which you are most interested in knowing about. The one thing that strikes the American who visits this country is the appalling lack of advancement in all lines of civilization. And this is a country older than our own. It is not confined to any one section, but exists throughout, from the Mexican border to the Panama canal. What is true of one is practically the story of another. However, it will not be practical for me to attempt to cover the entire country, in an explanation, but Spanish Honduras will be taken as an example as applying to the whole. Sixty years before Jamestown was laid out, and one hundred years before Peter Hudson sailed up the Hudson river, Honduras enjoyed thriving towns and villages. It was in the beautiful land-locked harbor of Truxillo, that Columbus landed on his third voyage to this country, and in the plaza square there is a cross planted on the spot where he was supposed to have knelt down and proclaimed the land in the name of the king of Spain. The place enjoyed for many years the distinction of being not only the oldest commercial port, but the largest traffic with the country inland, on the whole Atlantic or eastern coast. This will serve as an example of how early this country was settled, and with its wealth of natural resources, makes all the more astonishing the lack of progress in every line of endeavor. The countries of Central America all secured their independence in 1821, but the internal troubles which have followed in the wake have ever been a constant menace to progress. In fact, for twenty-five years there has been a never-ending strife rampant in the country, and during ELEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IV. 151 the past fifteen years there is reported to have been sixteen revolutions. The continuous struggle of those out of power to get back in has resulted in a discord which has been a bar to advancement. With this situation in mind it is an easy step to the conditions that exist and keep the coun- try where it is today, and where it will remain until some more stable form of government will have become permanently established. Many of the custoir.s brought over by the Spaniards in the early days of the country are in existence, and no doubt will be for generations to come. For instance, the old Spanish method of milking a cow is in practice from one end of the country to the other. It is the common belief that a cow will not give down her milk unless first started by the calf. The calf gets two teats as pay for getting the flow started, and is then tied to one of the front legs of the cow while the remain- ing contents of the udder are drawn into a gourd cup. The native ex- planation is that the cow will not give down the milk for a man until the calf starts it, and the cow is content in the belief that the calf is extracting the entire supply even after it is tied to her leg. The total estimated area of this country is about 40,000 square miles (or about the size of the state of Ohio). It has a population of 543,741, more than half of whom can neither read nor write. There are 27,000 whites, 217,000 mixed, 27,000 negroes, and 271,000 Indians. In other words, there are more Indians than any other race, and at the present time there are few pure-blooded Spaniards who are natives of the country, the In- dian or aboriginal element predominating. In the eastern section of the country these races have experienced little intermixture with the whites. The better-known tribes are the Caribs and Sambos. The Caribs being a livelier and more energetic race than the sluggish Sambos, who are of negro and Indian descent, have driven the latter southward and have forced them to relinquish their former domain. Their origin in Honduras is ascribed to the wreck of a large slaver which was driven ashore not far from Cape Gracias, early in the seventeenth century. The negroes escaped, and, mingling with the Indians, soon exterminated them, and later, by the receipt of firearms and other means of aggression sup- plied them, became the masters of the entire region. They engaged extensively in the traffic of slavery, by capturing and selling Indians into bondage. The Indians, thus driven into the interior by the Sambos, left the usurpers in power. The number of Samobs now in Honduras is small. The story of the alleged coming of the Caribs to Honduras is not without romance. They are said to have lived on the Island of St. Vin- cent, in the West Indies, where, at the conclusion of the war between England and France, they were found to be in such sympathy with the French that their deportation in 1796 to Roatan, in the Bay of the Islands, was brought about. From the Bay Islands they soon made their way to the mainland of Honduras, where they established a num- ber of settlements near Truxillo. The Caribs who came to Honduras were of the tribes of Black and Yellow Caribs, and the distinction in this direction is apparent after the lapse of a century. 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The Carib is short of stature, well built, active, industrious and prov- ident, with the aid of his wife or wives. They are clean and have a great talent for acquiring languages, most of them being able to talk in Carib, Spanish and English; some even add Creole-French and Mos- quito. Polygamy is general among them, some of them having as many as three or four wives, but the husband is compelled to have a separate house for each. It is the custom when a woman can not do all of the work required on a plantation, for her to hire her husband. Men accompany them on their trading excursions, but never by any chance carrying the burdens, thinking it far beneath them. The Apostolic Roman Catholic Church is the prevailing religion, and there are no churches of other denomination in all the republic, except in the Bay Islands and two on the north coast, where many of the inhabitants are Protestants. The government does not contribute to the support of the church, but exercises the right to regulate it under the laws. Support for the church is obtained through voluntary contri- butions. The women constitute the church-goers, and support the church; the men seldom go, but bury all of the dead. A woman never goes to the burying ground. A narrow-guage road built thirty years ago with French and English capital was originally intended to extend from one coast to another, but never extended beyond sixty miles. From the terminus of this road to the capital it is six days hard ride on mule-back over the mountains. As in most tropical countries, so in Honduras, there are large areas suitable for the pursuit of agriculture. The wealth of a nation is found- ed on its agricultural activity, and the returns from the tilling of the soil. In Honduras there is no farming on a large scale, and such plan- tations as are now under cultivation are chiefly along the north coast and under the direction and management of foreigners. It might be assumed that this country, with its varied climate, its highlands and lowlands and undulating plains, covered with fertile soil, would be a great agricultural region. The situation, as a matter of fact, is quite the reverse. The native rarely raises more corn, beans and rice than will barely keep his family until another crop can be gathered. It is sometimes difficult to buy bananas, potatoes, and even corn in the capi- tal of the country. What little plowing is done is accomplished by a crooked stick and a pair of oxen, with a yoke lashed to their horns. The care bestowed upon the crops amounts to nothing. A small hole is made in the ground and the seed is dropped in. A rake of the foot covers it, and that is all it gets in the way of cultivation, for there is not a hoe or plow in the country. Corn is the chief article of, food, the cereal being ground and used in many ways. Two crops can be secured in a year, but with this advantage there is never enough corn or maize. The latter is grown in every section of the country. The same may be said of sugar cane and red beans. Tobacco and coffee are chiefly raised in the moun- tainous districts. Agriculture is still in a primitive state. Irrigation has not been attomj ted by the natives, but there are districts where it could be carried ^